安徽譯博翻譯的小編們接著為大家帶來（國際統一私法協會國際商事合同通則）的第4至7章，希望對大家有所幫助！安徽譯博翻譯一直秉承著為安徽地區的可帶來 最優質，高效的翻譯服務！ 第四章合同的解釋CHAPTER 4INTERPRETATION 第4.1條當事人的意思 ARTICLE 4.1
安徽譯博翻譯的小編們接著為大家帶來（國際統一私法協會國際商事合同通則）的第4至7章，希望對大家有所幫助！安徽譯博翻譯一直秉承著為安徽地區的可帶來最優質，高效的翻譯服務！
第四章 合同的(de)解(jie)釋CHAPTER 4 — INTERPRETATION
第4.1條 當事人的意思
(1)合(he)同(tong)應根據(ju)當事人各方的共同(tong)意思予(yu)以解釋。
(1) A contract shall be interpreted according to the common intention of the parties.
(2)如(ru)果(guo)該(gai)意思不(bu)能確立，合同應(ying)根據一個(ge)與(yu)各方(fang)當事人具(ju)有同等(deng)資格的、通情(qing)達理(li)的人在處于相同情(qing)況下(xia)時(shi)，對該(gai)合同所(suo)應(ying)有的理(li)解來解釋。
(2) If such an intention cannot be established, the contract shall be interpreted according to the meaning that reasonable persons of the same kind as the parties would give to it in the same circumstances.
第(di)4.2條(tiao) 對陳述和其(qi)他行為的解釋
(1)一方(fang)當(dang)事人(ren)的陳述和(he)其他行為(wei)應根據該(gai)當(dang)事人(ren)的意(yi)思來解釋(shi)，如(ru)果另一方(fang)當(dang)事人(ren)已知或不(bu)可能不(bu)知道(dao)該(gai)意(yi)思。
(1) The statements and other conduct of a party shall be interpreted according to that party’s intention if the other party knew or could not have been unaware of that intention.
(2)如果前款不適用，上述陳述和(he)其他(ta)行為應(ying)根據(ju)一個與另(ling)一方(fang)當事人具有同(tong)等(deng)資(zi)格的、通情(qing)達理的人在處(chu)于相同(tong)情(qing)況下時，對該合同(tong)所應(ying)有的理解來解釋。
(2) If the preceding paragraph is not applicable, such statements and other conduct shall be interpreted according to the meaning that a reasonable person of the same kind as the other party would give to it in the same circumstances.
第4.3條 相關情況
適用(yong)本章第(di)4.1條和第(di)4.2條時，應(ying)考慮所(suo)有情況，包(bao)括:
In applying Articles 4.1 and 4.2, regard shall be had to all the circumstances, including
(a)當事人之間(jian)的初期談判;
(a) preliminary negotiations between the parties;
(b)當事(shi)人之(zhi)間(jian)已(yi)確(que)立的習慣(guan)做(zuo)法;
(b) practices which the parties have established between themselves;
(c)合同訂立后當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)的行為;
(c) the conduct of the parties subsequent to the conclusion of the contract;
(d)合同的性質和目的;
(d) the nature and purpose of the contract;
(e)在所涉交易中，通常賦予合同條(tiao)款和(he)表(biao)述的含(han)義;
(e) the meaning commonly given to terms and expressions in the trade concerned;
(f)慣例。(f) usages.
第4.4條 合同或陳述作為整體考慮
ARTICLE 4.4 Reference to contract or statement as a whole
合同(tong)條(tiao)款和(he)表(biao)述應(ying)根據其所屬的(de)整個合同(tong)或全(quan)部陳述予以(yi)解釋。
Terms and expressions shall be interpreted in the light of the whole contract or statement in which they appear.
第4.5條 給予所有條款以效力
對合同各項條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)的(de)解(jie)釋應(ying)以使它(ta)們全部有效為宗旨，而不是排除其中一些(xie)條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)的(de)效力。
Contract terms shall be interpreted so as to give effect to all the terms rather than to deprive some of them of effect.
第4.6條 對條款提議人不利規則
如果一方當事(shi)人(ren)所提出的合同條款含(han)義不(bu)清，則應做出對該方當事(shi)人(ren)不(bu)利的解釋(shi)。
If contract terms supplied by one party are unclear, an interpretation against that party is preferred.
第4.7條 語言差異
如果合(he)同是以(yi)兩種或兩種以(yi)上具有同等(deng)效(xiao)力的(de)文(wen)字起草(cao)的(de)，若這些文(wen)本之間存在差(cha)異，應優先依據合(he)同最初起草(cao)的(de)文(wen)字予以(yi)解釋。
Where a contract is drawn up in two or more language versions which are equally authoritative there is, in case of discrepancy between the versions, a preference for the interpretation according to a version in which the contract was originally drawn up.
第4.8條 補充空缺條款
(1)如果合同當事人各方(fang)就一項確定(ding)其權利和義務的重(zhong)要(yao)條款(kuan)未達成一致，應補充一項于該(gai)情況下適當的條款(kuan)。
(1) Where the parties to a contract have not agreed with respect to a term which is important for a determination of their rights and duties, a term which is appropriate in the circumstances shall be supplied.
(2)在決定何為適(shi)當的條款時，除其他因素外，還應考慮以(yi)下情(qing)況(kuang):
(2) In determining what is an appropriate term regard shall be had, among other factors, to
(a)各方當(dang)事人的意思(si);(a) the intention of the parties;
(b)合同(tong)的性質和目的;(b) the nature and purpose of the contract;
(c)誠實信用和公(gong)平交易原則;(c) good faith and fair dealing;
(d)合(he)理性(xing)。(d) reasonableness.
第(di)五章 合同的內容與第(di)三(san)方權(quan)利CHAPTER 5 — CONTENT AND THIRD PARTY RIGHTS
第一節 合同的內容SECTION 1: CONTENT
第5.1.1條 明示和默示的義務
各方當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)的合同(tong)義(yi)務可(ke)以(yi)是明示的，也可(ke)以(yi)是默示的。
The contractual obligations of the parties may be express or implied.
第5.1.2條 默示的義務
默示的義務(wu)源自于:Implied obligations stem from
(a)合同的性質(zhi)與目的;(a) the nature and purpose of the contract;
(b)各方當事人之間確立的習慣(guan)做法，以及慣(guan)例;
(b) practices established between the parties and usages;
(c)誠實信用和(he)公平(ping)交易原則;(c) good faith and fair dealing;
(d)合(he)理(li)性。(d) reasonableness.
第5.1.3條 事人之間的合作
每一方(fang)當(dang)事人(ren)應與(yu)另一方(fang)當(dang)事人(ren)合作，如果該一方(fang)當(dang)事人(ren)在履行(xing)其義(yi)務(wu)時，可合理地期待對(dui)方(fang)當(dang)事人(ren)提供此(ci)類合作。
Each party shall cooperate with the other party when such co-operation may reasonably be expected for the performance of that party’s obligations.
第5.1.4條 獲得特定結(jie)果(guo)的義務和盡最大努力(li)的義務
ARTICLE 5.1.4 Duty to achieve a specific result. Duty of best efforts
(1)如果一方當事(shi)人(ren)的義(yi)務在(zai)一定(ding)(ding)程度內涉及獲(huo)(huo)得(de)某(mou)一特定(ding)(ding)的結(jie)果，則該方當事(shi)人(ren)在(zai)該程度內有義(yi)務獲(huo)(huo)得(de)此(ci)特定(ding)(ding)結(jie)果。
(1) To the extent that an obligation of a party involves a duty to achieve a specific result, that party is bound to achieve that result.
(2)如果一方(fang)當事人的(de)義(yi)(yi)務在一定(ding)程度內涉及履行(xing)某一項活動時應盡最大(da)的(de)努力，則該(gai)方(fang)當事人在該(gai)程度內有(you)義(yi)(yi)務盡一個具有(you)同(tong)(tong)等(deng)資(zi)格的(de)、通情(qing)達理(li)的(de)人在相同(tong)(tong)情(qing)況(kuang)下所會付(fu)出的(de)努力。
(2) To the extent that an obligation of a party involves a duty of best efforts in the performance of an activity, that party is bound to make such efforts as would be made by a reasonable person of the same kind in the same circumstances.
第5.1.5條確定所涉義務的種類
在(zai)確定(ding)一(yi)方(fang)當事人(ren)的義務在(zai)多大程度內涉及履行某一(yi)項活動(dong)時(shi)應(ying)盡最大的努力(li)或者應(ying)獲(huo)得某一(yi)特定(ding)結果(guo)時(shi)，除其他因素外，應(ying)考慮以下(xia)情況:
In determining the extent to which an obligation of a party involves a duty of best efforts in the performance of an activity or a duty to achieve a specific result, regard shall be had, among other factors, to
(a)合同中表述該 義務的(de)方式;
(a) the way in which the obligation is expressed in the contract;
(b)合(he)(he)同的價格以及(ji)合(he)(he)同的其他(ta)條(tiao)款;
(b) the contractual price and other terms of the contract;
(c)獲(huo)得預(yu)期結(jie)果時(shi)通常所涉及(ji)的風險程度(du);
(c) the degree of risk normally involved in achieving the expected result;
(d)另一方當事人影響義務履(lv)行的能力。
(d) the ability of the other party to influence the performance of the obligation.
第5.1.6條確定履行的質量
如果(guo)合(he)同(tong)(tong)中既未規定(ding)而(er)且也無法根據合(he)同(tong)(tong)確(que)定(ding)履(lv)行(xing)的質量，則一方當事(shi)人有義務使其履(lv)行(xing)的質量達到合(he)理(li)的標準，并且不得(de)低于(yu)此情況下的平均水準。
Where the quality of performance is neither fixed by, nor determinable from, the contract a party is bound to render a performance of a quality that is reasonable and not less than average in the circumstances.
第5.1.7條 價格的確定
(1)如(ru)果合(he)同未(wei)規定(ding)價(jia)(jia)格，也無如(ru)何(he)(he)確(que)定(ding)價(jia)(jia)格的(de)規定(ding)，在(zai)沒有任何(he)(he)相(xiang)反表(biao)示的(de)情況下，應視為(wei)當(dang)事人(ren)各方引用在(zai)訂(ding)立合(he)同時相(xiang)關貿(mao)易中可(ke)比較的(de)情況下進行(xing)此類履行(xing)時通常收取的(de)價(jia)(jia)格，或者(zhe)，若(ruo)無此價(jia)(jia)格，應為(wei)一個合(he)理的(de)價(jia)(jia)格。
(1) Where a contract does not fix or make provision for determining the price, the parties are considered, in the absence of any indication to the contrary, to have made reference to the price generally charged at the time of the conclusion of the contract for such performance in comparable circumstances in the trade concerned or, if no such price is available, to a reasonable price.
(2)如果合同的價格應由一方(fang)當事人確定(ding)，而且此定(ding)價又明顯地(di)不(bu)合理，則不(bu)管合同中是否有(you)任何條(tiao)款(kuan)的相反(fan)規(gui)定(ding)，均應以一個合理的價格予以替代。
(2) Where the price is to be determined by one party and that determination is manifestly unreasonable, a reasonable price shall be substituted notwithstanding any contract term to the contrary.
(3)如果價格(ge)應由一(yi)個第三(san)人來確定，而該第三(san)人不能或(huo)不愿確定該價格(ge)，則應采用一(yi)個合理的價格(ge)。
(3) Where the price is to be fixed by a third person, and that person cannot or will not do so, the price shall be a reasonable price.
(4)如果(guo)確定價(jia)格需(xu)要參照的(de)因(yin)素(su)不存(cun)在，或已不復存(cun)在或已不可獲得(de)，則應(ying)取(qu)最相(xiang)似的(de)因(yin)素(su)作為替代。
(4) Where the price is to be fixed by reference to factors which do not exist or have ceased to exist or to be accessible, the nearest equivalent factor shall be treated as a substitute.
第5.1.8條 無固定期限的合同
對于一個無固定期限的(de)合同(tong)，任何一方當(dang)事人可通(tong)過在事先一段合理(li)時間(jian)內發出通(tong)知，終止該合同(tong)。
A contract for an indefinite period may be ended by either party by giving notice a reasonable time in advance.
第5.1.9條 通過協議放棄權利
(1)債權人可以通過與債務人達成協議放(fang)棄其權利。
(1) An obligee may release its right by agreement with the obligor.
(2)一項無(wu)償放棄權利的要約(yue)應視為被接受，如果債(zhai)務人在知曉該要約(yue)后未毫不遲延地拒絕。
(2) An offer to release a right gratuitously shall be deemed accepted if the obligor does not reject the offer without delay after having become aware of it.
第(di)(di)二節 第(di)(di)三方權利SECTION 2: THIRD PARTY RIGHTS
第5.2.1條 第三方受益的合同
(1)合同當事人(ren)(即(ji)允(yun)諾人(ren)和受諾人(ren))可通(tong)過明(ming)示(shi)或默示(shi)協(xie)議(yi)將權(quan)利授予第(di)三方(即(ji)受益人(ren))。
(1) The parties(the “promisor” and the “promisee”) may confer by express or implied agreement a right on a third party(the “beneficiary”).
(2)受益人對允諾人權利的(de)存在以及內(nei)容，由當事人之間的(de)協(xie)議確定(ding)，并受該協(xie)議項(xiang)下(xia)的(de)任何條(tiao)件或(huo)其他限制性(xing)規定(ding)的(de)約束。
(2) The existence and content of the beneficiary’s right against the promisor are determined by the agreement of the parties and are subject to any conditions or other limitations under the agreement.
第5.2.2條 可確定的第三方
根據合(he)(he)同(tong)，受益人必須能(neng)夠(gou)充分明(ming)確(que)地加(jia)以(yi)確(que)定，但其不必須在訂(ding)立合(he)(he)同(tong)時就(jiu)存在。
The beneficiary must be identifiable with adequate certainty by the contract but need not be in existence at the time the contract is made.
第5.2.3條 排除和限制條款
授與受(shou)益人(ren)的權利(li)，包括受(shou)益人(ren)援引合同中排除或限制其責(ze)任的條款的權利(li)。
The conferment of rights in the beneficiary includes the right to invoke a clause in the contract which excludes or limits the liability of the beneficiary.
第5.2.4條 抗辯
允(yun)諾(nuo)人(ren)可以(yi)向(xiang)受益人(ren)主張其可以(yi)向(xiang)受諾(nuo)人(ren)主張的所(suo)有抗辯。
The promisor may assert against the beneficiary all defences which the promisor could assert against the promisee.
第5.2.5條 撤銷
在受益(yi)人(ren)接受該權(quan)利(li)(li)或(huo)已依(yi)賴該權(quan)利(li)(li)合(he)理行事之前，合(he)同當事人(ren)可以修(xiu)改或(huo)者撤銷(xiao)其通過合(he)同授予受益(yi)人(ren)的權(quan)利(li)(li)。
The parties may modify or revoke the rights conferred by the contract on the beneficiary until the beneficiary has accepted them or reasonably acted in reliance on them.
第5.2.6條 放棄權利
受益人可以放(fang)棄(qi)被授與的權利。
The beneficiary may renounce a right conferred on it.
第六章 履行CHAPTER 6 — PERFORMANCE
第(di)一節(jie) 履行的一般規定SECTION 1: PERFORMANCE IN GENERAL
第6.1.1條 履行時間
一方當事人必(bi)須在下列時間履(lv)行其(qi)合同義務:
A party must perform its obligations:
(a)如(ru)果合同規定了時間，或者(zhe)依合同可確(que)定時間，則為此時間;
(a) if a time is fixed by or determinable from the contract, at that time;
(b)如果合(he)同(tong)規定了或依合(he)同(tong)可確定一段時間(jian)，則為此段期間(jian)內的任何時間(jian)，除非情(qing)況表明(ming)履行時間(jian)應(ying)由另一方當事人(ren)選(xuan)擇(ze);
(b) if a period of time is fixed by or determinable from the contract, at any time within that period unless circumstances indicate that the other party is to choose a time;
(c)在其(qi)他任何情況下，則在合同訂立后的一段(duan)合理時(shi)間(jian)之內。
(c) in any other case, within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract.
第6.1.2條 一次或分期履行
在屬(shu)于本章第(di)6.1.1條(b)項或(c)項的情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)，如果合同(tong)義務能一次完(wan)成履(lv)行，并且情(qing)況(kuang)未有另外(wai)的表明，則當事人(ren)必須一次履(lv)行其全部合同(tong)義務。
In cases under Article 6.1.1(b) or(c), a party must perform its obligations at one time if that performance can be rendered at one time and the circumstances do not indicate otherwise.
第6.1.3條 部分履行
(1)履(lv)行(xing)期(qi)限到來時(shi)，債(zhai)權人(ren)有權拒絕任何部分(fen)(fen)履(lv)行(xing)的(de)請(qing)求，無論(lun)該請(qing)求是(shi)否附有對未履(lv)行(xing)部分(fen)(fen)的(de)擔保(bao)，除(chu)非債(zhai)權人(ren)這樣作無合法利益(yi);
(1) The obligee may reject an offer to perform in part at the time performance is due, whether or not such offer is coupled with an assurance as to the balance of the performance, unless the obligee has no legitimate interest in so doing.
(2)因部分履行(xing)給(gei)債權人帶來的額外費用應由債務人承擔，并且不得損害任何(he)其他救(jiu)濟。
(2) Additional expenses caused to the obligee by partial performance are to be borne by the obligor without prejudice to any other remedy.
第6.1.4條 履行順序
(1)在合同(tong)(tong)當(dang)事(shi)人能(neng)夠(gou)同(tong)(tong)時(shi)履行的(de)限度內(nei)，則雙方當(dang)事(shi)人應同(tong)(tong)時(shi)履行其合同(tong)(tong)義務(wu)，除非情(qing)況(kuang)有(you)相反的(de)表示(shi)。
(1) To the extent that the performances of the parties can be rendered simultaneously, the parties are bound to render them simultaneously unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
(2)在(zai)(zai)僅有一方當事人(ren)需要在(zai)(zai)一段時間內(nei)履行的限(xian)度內(nei)，則該方當事人(ren)應先行履行其義務，除非情況有相(xiang)反的表示。
(2) To the extent that the performance of only one party requires a period of time, that party is bound to render its performance first, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
第6.1.5條 提前履行
(1)債權人可拒絕(jue)接受提前(qian)履行(xing)，除非債權人這(zhe)樣做無合(he)法(fa)利益。
(1) The obligee may reject an earlier performance unless it has no legitimate interest in so doing.
(2)一方當(dang)事(shi)人接受提前履(lv)(lv)行(xing)并不(bu)影響其履(lv)(lv)行(xing)自己(ji)義務的(de)時(shi)間，如果該履(lv)(lv)行(xing)時(shi)間已(yi)經確定，而不(bu)管另(ling)一方當(dang)事(shi)人義務的(de)履(lv)(lv)行(xing)。
(2) Acceptance by a party of an earlier performance does not affect the time for the performance of its own obligations if that time has been fixed irrespective of the performance of the other party’s obligations.
(3)因(yin)提前履(lv)行給債權人帶來的(de)額外費用(yong)應由債務人承擔，并且不(bu)得損害其他任何救濟。
(3) Additional expenses caused to the obligee by earlier performance are to be borne by the obligor, without prejudice to any other remedy.
第6.1.6條 履行地
(1)如果合(he)同中既未規定(ding)履(lv)行地，或者依據合(he)同也無法確定(ding)履(lv)行地，則應(ying)按下(xia)述地點履(lv)行:
(1) If the place of performance is neither fixed by, nor determinable from, the contract, a party is to perform:
(a)金錢債務，在債權人的營業(ye)地(di);(a) a monetary obligation, at the obligee’s place of business;
(b)任何其它義務，在債(zhai)務人自己的營(ying)業地。
(b) any other obligation, at its own place of business.
(2)當(dang)事人應承(cheng)擔在合同訂立后因其營業地的改變而給履行增加的費用(yong)。
(2) A party must bear any increase in the expenses incidental to performance which is caused by a change in its place of business subsequent to the conclusion of the contract.
第6.1.7條 以支票或其他票據付款
(1)付(fu)款可以采(cai)用(yong)在付(fu)款地正常商業做(zuo)(zuo)法(fa)中所使用(yong)的任何(he)形式做(zuo)(zuo)出。
(1) Payment may be made in any form used in the ordinary course of business at the place for payment.
(2)但是(shi)，債(zhai)權(quan)人無論是(shi)根據第(1)款(kuan)的規定(ding)還是(shi)自(zi)愿地(di)接受支票(piao)、其他付款(kuan)命(ming)令或(huo)付款(kuan)承諾，均推定(ding)該接受是(shi)以(yi)這些(xie)票(piao)據能夠獲得支付為條件。
(2) However, an obligee who accepts, either by virtue of paragraph(1) or voluntarily, a cheque, any other order to pay or a promise to pay, is presumed to do so only on condition that it will be honoured.
第6.1.8條 轉賬支付
(1)除非(fei)債權人已(yi)指定特定賬戶(hu)，付(fu)款(kuan)可以通過將款(kuan)項轉至債權人已(yi)告知(zhi)其(qi)設(she)有賬戶(hu)的任何金(jin)融機(ji)構進行。
(1) Unless the obligee has indicated a particular account, payment may be made by a transfer to any of the financial institutions in which the obligee has made it known that it has an account.
(2)在(zai)采用(yong)轉賬(zhang)支付的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下，債(zhai)務人的(de)(de)義務在(zai)款項有效轉至(zhi)債(zhai)權人的(de)(de)金(jin)融機構時解除。
(2) In case of payment by a transfer the obligation of the obligor is discharged when the transfer to the obligee’s financial institution becomes effective.
第6.1.9條 付款貨幣
(1)如果金錢債(zhai)務是以非付款(kuan)地的貨幣表示的，則債(zhai)務人(ren)可以用付款(kuan)地之貨幣支付，除非:
(1) If a monetary obligation is expressed in a currency other than that of the place for payment, it may be paid by the obligor in the currency of the place for payment unless
(a)那種貨幣不能(neng)自由(you)兌(dui)換;或者(zhe)(a) that currency is not freely convertible; or
(b)當事人各方約定只能以表示(shi)金錢債務的貨幣進行支付。
(b) the parties have agreed that payment should be made only in the currency in which the monetary obligation is expressed.
(2)如(ru)果(guo)債務人不可能以表(biao)示金錢債務的(de)貨幣支(zhi)付，則債權(quan)人可要(yao)求以付款地(di)的(de)貨幣支(zhi)付，即(ji)便屬第(1)款(b)項規定(ding)的(de)情況亦(yi)可如(ru)此要(yao)求。
(2) If it is impossible for the obligor to make payment in the currency in which the monetary obligation is expressed, the obligee may require payment in the currency of the place for payment, even in the case referred to in paragraph(1)(b).
(3)以付(fu)(fu)款(kuan)地(di)的貨(huo)幣支(zhi)付(fu)(fu)時，應(ying)按照付(fu)(fu)款(kuan)義務到期時付(fu)(fu)款(kuan)地(di)適用的通行匯率支(zhi)付(fu)(fu)。
(3) Payment in the currency of the place for payment is to be made according to the applicable rate of exchange prevailing there when payment is due.
(4)但是，如(ru)果債(zhai)務人在付(fu)(fu)款到期(qi)時(shi)未支付(fu)(fu)款項，則債(zhai)權人既可要求債(zhai)務人根據付(fu)(fu)款義務到期(qi)時(shi)或(huo)實際(ji)付(fu)(fu)款時(shi)所適用(yong)的通(tong)行匯率(lv)進行支付(fu)(fu)。
(4) However, if the obligor has not paid at the time when payment is due, the obligee may require payment according to the applicable rate of exchange prevailing either when payment is due or at the time of actual payment.
第6.1.10條 未規定貨幣
如果一項金錢(qian)債務未以(yi)某一具體貨幣(bi)作表示，則付款應以(yi)付款地(di)的貨幣(bi)進行支付。
Where a monetary obligation is not expressed in a particular currency, payment must be made in the currency of the place where payment is to be made.
第6.1.11條 履行費用
每一(yi)方當事人應承(cheng)擔其(qi)履行義務時所發生(sheng)的費用。
Each party shall bear the costs of performance of its obligations.
第6.1.12條 指定清償
(1)對同一(yi)債權人負有(you)多項(xiang)金(jin)錢債務的(de)債務人，可(ke)在付款(kuan)時指定該款(kuan)項(xiang)用以(yi)償(chang)還(huan)的(de)債務。但是(shi)，該款(kuan)項(xiang)應首先償(chang)付任(ren)何費(fei)用，其(qi)次為應付利息，最后為本金(jin)。
(1) An obligor owing several monetary obligations to the same obligee may specify at the time of payment the debt to which it intends the payment to be applied. However, the payment discharges first any expenses, then interest due and finally the
principal.
(2)如果(guo)債(zhai)務(wu)人(ren)(ren)未加指定，則債(zhai)權人(ren)(ren)可在獲(huo)得支付后(hou)的合理時間內向債(zhai)務(wu)人(ren)(ren)聲明該款項用(yong)以償(chang)還(huan)的債(zhai)務(wu)，但是(shi)該項債(zhai)務(wu)必(bi)須是(shi)到(dao)期(qi)的，并(bing)且是(shi)無爭議的。
(2) If the obligor makes no such specification, the obligee may, within a reasonable time after payment, declare to the obligor the obligation to which it imputes the payment, provided that the obligation is due and undisputed.
(3)如(ru)果根據第(1)款或第(2)款的規(gui)定無法確定清償(chang)對象(xiang)，則付款應按下列標準之一(yi)及指明(ming)的順序(xu)償(chang)還(huan)債務:
(3) In the absence of imputation under paragraphs(1) or(2) payment is imputed to that obligation which satisfies one of the following criteria in the order indicated:
(a)到期之債務，或者首先到期之債務;
(a) an obligation which is due or which is the first to fall due;
(b)債權人享(xiang)有最少擔保之債務(wu);
(b) the obligation for which the obligee has least security;
(c)對(dui)債務人屬于負擔最重(zhong)之債務;或者
(c) the obligation which is the most burdensome for the obligor;
(d)最(zui)先發生之債務(wu)。(d) the obligation which has arisen first.
若以上標準均(jun)不適用，則按(an)比例(li)用以清償各項債(zhai)務。
If none of the preceding criteria applies, payment is imputed to all the obligations proportionally.
第6.1.13條 非金錢債務的指定清償
ARTICLE 6.1.13 Imputation of non-monetary obligations
本(ben)章第(di)6.1.12條(tiao)的(de)(de)規定(ding)(ding)經適當修改后適用于非金錢債務的(de)(de)指(zhi)定(ding)(ding)履行。
Article 6.1.12 applies with appropriate adaptations to the imputation of performance of non-monetary obligations.
第6.1.14條 申請公共許可
若一國法律所要求(qiu)的(de)公共許可影響到合同(tong)的(de)效力或其(qi)履行，并且該法律或有關情況都無其(qi)他表明，則(ze)
Where the law of a State requires a public permission affecting the validity of the contract or its performance and neither that law nor the circumstances indicate otherwise
(a)如果只有一方(fang)當(dang)(dang)事人(ren)的營業地在(zai)該國(guo)，則(ze)該方(fang)當(dang)(dang)事人(ren)應采取必要的措施以取得該許可;
(a) if only one party has its place of business in that State, that party shall takethe measures necessary to obtain the permission;
(b)在任何其(qi)他情況(kuang)下，履(lv)行須經許可(ke)的那一方當事人應當采取必(bi)要的措施。
(b) in any other case the party whose performance requires permission shall take the necessary measures.
第6.1.15條 申請許可的程序
(1)有義(yi)務采取必要措施以(yi)取得許可的(de)當事(shi)人，應毫不(bu)遲(chi)延地如此(ci)行事(shi)，并應該承擔由此(ci)產生(sheng)的(de)一切費用(yong)。
(1) The party required to take the measures necessary to obtain the permission shall do so without undue delay and shall bear any expenses incurred.
(2)該方當(dang)事人(ren)應在(zai)任(ren)何適(shi)當(dang)的(de)(de)時(shi)候，毫(hao)不遲延地向(xiang)另一方當(dang)事人(ren)發出該許可已獲(huo)批準或(huo)遭到拒絕的(de)(de)通知。
(2) That party shall whenever appropriate give the other party notice of the grant or refusal of such permission without undue delay.
第6.1.16條 許可既未獲批準又未遭拒絕
ARTICLE 6.1.16 Permission neither granted nor refused
(1)盡管有義務的(de)(de)(de)當事(shi)人(ren)采(cai)取了所有必(bi)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)措施，如果在約定的(de)(de)(de)期間之(zhi)內，或若無此約定，則(ze)在合(he)同訂立后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)合(he)理時間之(zhi)內，許(xu)可(ke)申請既未獲得批準又未遭到(dao)拒絕，則(ze)任何一方當事(shi)人(ren)均有權終(zhong)止該合(he)同。
(1) If, notwithstanding the fact that the party responsible has taken all measures required, permission is neither granted nor refused within an agreed period or, where no period has been agreed, within a reasonable time from the conclusion of the contract, either party is entitled to terminate the contract.
(2)當(dang)許可(ke)僅影響合同的某些條款時(shi)，如果(guo)維持合同的其余部分是合理的，即便許可(ke)遭到拒絕，也不適用上述第(di)(1)款。
(2) Where the permission affects some terms only, paragraph(1) does not apply if, having regard to the circumstances, it is reasonable to uphold the remaining contract even if the permission is refused.
第6.1.17條 拒絕許可
(1)當拒(ju)絕(jue)許可影(ying)響合(he)(he)同(tong)的效力時，則(ze)(ze)該拒(ju)絕(jue)導(dao)致合(he)(he)同(tong)無(wu)(wu)效。如果(guo)拒(ju)絕(jue)許可只影(ying)響合(he)(he)同(tong)部分(fen)條款的效力，則(ze)(ze)僅(jin)該部分(fen)條款無(wu)(wu)效，如果(guo)考(kao)慮到各(ge)種情況維持合(he)(he)同(tong)的其余(yu)部分(fen)是合(he)(he)理(li)的。
(1) The refusal of a permission affecting the validity of the contract renders the contract void. If the refusal affects the validity of some terms only, only such terms are void if, having regard to the circumstances, it is reasonable to uphold the remaining contract.
(2)當拒絕許可導致合(he)同的全部或(huo)部分履行(xing)不(bu)可能(neng)時，適用(yong)有關(guan)不(bu)履行(xing)的規定。
(2) Where the refusal of a permission renders the performance of the contract impossible in whole or in part, the rules on non-performance apply.
第二節:艱難情形SECTION 2: HARDSHIP
第6.2.1條 合同必須遵守
如果合同的(de)履行(xing)使一方當(dang)事人(ren)變得(de)負擔(dan)加重，該方當(dang)事人(ren)仍應履行(xing)其義務，但屬于下列艱難情形規定的(de)除(chu)外。
Where the performance of a contract becomes more onerous for one of the parties, that party is nevertheless bound to perform its obligations subject to the following provisions on hardship.
第6.2.2條 艱難情形的定義
所謂艱難情形，是指發(fa)生的事(shi)件使得一方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)人履(lv)(lv)約(yue)成本增加或者一方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)人所獲(huo)履(lv)(lv)約(yue)的價(jia)值減少，因而根(gen)本改變(bian)了合同(tong)均衡，并且
There is hardship where the occurrence of events fundamentally alters the equilibrium of the contract either because the cost of a party’s performance has increased or because the value of the performance a party receives has diminished, and
(a)該事件的(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)或為處于不(bu)利地位的(de)(de)當事人知道事件的(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)在合(he)同(tong)訂立(li)之后;
(a) the events occur or become known to the disadvantaged party after the conclusion of the contract;
(b)處于(yu)不利地(di)位(wei)的當事(shi)人(ren)在訂立合同時不能合理(li)地(di)預見事(shi)件(jian)的發生(sheng);
(b) the events could not reasonably have been taken into account by the disadvantaged party at the time of the conclusion of the contract;
(c)事件不能(neng)為處于不利地位(wei)的當(dang)事人所控制(zhi);而且
(c) the events are beyond the control of the disadvantaged party; and
(d)事件的(de)風險(xian)不由(you)處于不利(li)地位的(de)當事人(ren)承擔。
(d) the risk of the events was not assumed by the disadvantaged party.
第6.2.3條(tiao)(艱(jian)難情形的后(hou)果(guo))
ARTICLE 6.2.3(Effects of hardship)
(1)若出現艱難情(qing)形(xing)，處于(yu)不利(li)地(di)位的當(dang)事(shi)人有權要(yao)求(qiu)重新談(tan)判。但是(shi)，提(ti)出此(ci)要(yao)求(qiu)應(ying)毫(hao)不遲(chi)延地(di)，而且說明提(ti)出該要(yao)求(qiu)的理由。
(1) In case of hardship the disadvantaged party is entitled to request renegotiations. The request shall be made without undue delay and shall indicate the grounds on which it is based.
(2)重新談判的(de)要求本身(shen)并不能使處于不利地位的(de)當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)有權停止履(lv)約。
(2) The request for renegotiation does not in itself entitle the disadvantaged party to withhold performance.
(3)在(zai)合(he)理時間內不能達(da)成協(xie)議時，任(ren)何一(yi)方(fang)當事人(ren)均可訴諸(zhu)法院。
(3) Upon failure to reach agreement within a reasonable time either party may resort to the court.
(4)如果法院認定存在艱難情形，只要合理，法院可以:
(4) If the court finds hardship it may, if reasonable,
(a)在確定的(de)日期并按確定的(de)條件(jian)終止(zhi)合(he)同，或者
(a) terminate the contract at a date and on terms to be fixed, or
(b)為恢復合(he)同的(de)均衡而修改合(he)同。
(b) adapt the contract with a view to restoring its equilibrium.
第七章 不履(lv)行CHAPTER 7 — NON-PERFORMANCE
第(di)一節 不履行的一般(ban)規定(ding)SECTION 1: NON-PERFORMANCE IN GENERAL
第7.1.1條 不履行的定義
不履(lv)(lv)行是指一方(fang)當事人未能履(lv)(lv)行其合同項下的任何一項義務(wu)，包括瑕疵履(lv)(lv)行和遲延履(lv)(lv)行。
Non-performance is failure by a party to perform any of its obligations under the contract, including defective performance or late performance.
第7.1.2條
一方當事(shi)人(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)依賴另一方當事(shi)人(ren)的不(bu)(bu)(bu)履(lv)(lv)行，如果該不(bu)(bu)(bu)履(lv)(lv)行是在由前者的作為(wei)或(huo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)作為(wei)或(huo)由其承(cheng)擔風險的其他事(shi)件所致的范圍內。
A party may not rely on the non-performance of the other party to the extent that such non-performance was caused by the first party’s act or omission or by another event as to which the first party bears the risk.
第7.1.3條 停止履行
(1)當事人各方應同(tong)時履行合同(tong)義務的，任何一方當事人可在另一方當事人提供履行前(qian)停止履行。
(1) Where the parties are to perform simultaneously, either party may withhold performance until the other party tenders its performance.
(2)當(dang)(dang)事人各方(fang)應(ying)相繼履(lv)行合(he)同義務的(de)，后(hou)履(lv)行的(de)一方(fang)當(dang)(dang)事人可(ke)在(zai)應(ying)先予(yu)履(lv)行的(de)一方(fang)當(dang)(dang)事人完(wan)成履(lv)行之前停止(zhi)履(lv)行。
(2) Where the parties are to perform consecutively, the party that is to perform later may withhold its performance until the first party has performed.
第7.1.4條 不履行方的補救
(1)不(bu)履行一方當事人(ren)可自己承擔費用對其不(bu)履行進行補救，但須符合下(xia)述(shu)條件:
(1) The non-performing party may, at its own expense, cure any nonperformance, provided that
(a)該方當事人毫不遲延地(di)通(tong)知另一方當事人其(qi)擬進行補救的方式和(he)時間;
(a) without undue delay, it gives notice indicating the proposed manner and timing of the cure;
(b)該補救在當時(shi)情況(kuang)下是適當的;(b) cure is appropriate in the circumstances;
(c)受(shou)損害方對于拒絕補救無合法利益(yi);并且
(c) the aggrieved party has no legitimate interest in refusing cure; and
(d)補(bu)救是(shi)立(li)即進行的。(d) cure is effected promptly.
(2)補(bu)救的權利并不因終止(zhi)合同的通知被排除。
(2) The right to cure is not precluded by notice of termination.
(3)在收到有效(xiao)的(de)補救通(tong)知后，受損害(hai)方所享有的(de)與(yu)不(bu)履(lv)行(xing)方的(de)履(lv)行(xing)行(xing)為不(bu)一致的(de)權利應(ying)予(yu)中止，直至補救期限屆滿。
(3) Upon effective notice of cure, rights of the aggrieved party that are inconsistent with the non-performing party’s performance are suspended until the time for cure has expired.
(4)受損(sun)害方在補救期間(jian)有權停(ting)止履(lv)行。
(4) The aggrieved party may withhold performance pending cure.
(5)盡(jin)管進行補救，受損(sun)害(hai)方(fang)仍保留對遲(chi)延(yan)以及因補救所造成的(de)、或補救未能阻止的(de)損(sun)害(hai)要求損(sun)害(hai)賠償的(de)權利。
(5) Notwithstanding cure, the aggrieved party retains the right to claim damages for delay as well as for any harm caused or not prevented by the cure.
第7.1.5條 履行的額外期間
(1)在出現不(bu)履行的情況下，受(shou)損害(hai)方(fang)可通知另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)當事人，允許其(qi)有一(yi)段額外期(qi)間履行義務(wu)。
(1) In a case of non-performance the aggrieved party may by notice to the other party allow an additional period of time for performance.
(2)在(zai)此(ci)額(e)外(wai)期間(jian)內，受損害方(fang)可(ke)停止履(lv)行(xing)(xing)其對應(ying)的義務，并(bing)且可(ke)要求損害賠償，但(dan)不得采取任(ren)何(he)(he)其他救(jiu)濟手段(duan)。如果(guo)受損害方(fang)收到另一(yi)方(fang)當事(shi)人在(zai)此(ci)額(e)外(wai)期間(jian)內將不會履(lv)行(xing)(xing)的通知，或者，在(zai)此(ci)額(e)外(wai)期間(jian)屆滿時另一(yi)方(fang)當事(shi)人仍未完成(cheng)對其義務的履(lv)行(xing)(xing)，則受損害方(fang)可(ke)采取本章所規定的任(ren)何(he)(he)救(jiu)濟手段(duan)。
(2) During the additional period the aggrieved party may withhold performance of its own reciprocal obligations and may claim damages but may not resort to any other remedy. If it receives notice from the other party that the latter will not perform within that period, or if upon expiry of that period due performance has not been made, the aggrieved party may resort to any of the remedies that may be available under this Chapter.
(3)在(zai)(zai)不屬根本性的(de)(de)(de)延遲履行的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下，如(ru)果受損(sun)害方(fang)已發(fa)出通知，給予(yu)不履行方(fang)一段(duan)合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)額(e)外期(qi)間(jian)履行其義(yi)務，則(ze)受損(sun)害方(fang)在(zai)(zai)該段(duan)期(qi)間(jian)屆滿(man)時可終(zhong)止合(he)同。如(ru)果所允許的(de)(de)(de)額(e)外期(qi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)長度(du)不合(he)理，則(ze)應延長至合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)長度(du)。受損(sun)害方(fang)可在(zai)(zai)其通知中規定，如(ru)果另一方(fang)當事人在(zai)(zai)此額(e)外期(qi)間(jian)內仍(reng)不履行其義(yi)務，合(he)同應自動終(zhong)止。
(3) Where in a case of delay in performance which is not fundamental the aggrieved party has given notice allowing an additional period of time of reasonable length, it may terminate the contract at the end of that period. If the additional period allowed is not of reasonable length it shall be extended to a reasonable length. The aggrieved party may in its notice provide that if the other party fails to perform within the period allowed by the notice the contract shall automatically terminate.
(4)如果未履(lv)行(xing)的義務只是不履(lv)行(xing)方(fang)合同義務中的一項(xiang)輕微義務，則本條第(di)(3)款(kuan)不適用。
(4) Paragraph(3) does not apply where the obligation which has not been performed is only a minor part of the contractual obligation of the non-performing party.
第7.1.6條 免責條款
若(ruo)一(yi)項條(tiao)款限制或排除一(yi)方當事(shi)人對不(bu)履行合(he)同(tong)義務的(de)(de)責(ze)任，或者允許一(yi)方當事(shi)人的(de)(de)履行可(ke)與(yu)另一(yi)方當事(shi)人的(de)(de)合(he)理期待有(you)實質差異，在考(kao)慮到(dao)合(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)的(de)(de)情況下，如援引(yin)該(gai)條(tiao)款明顯不(bu)公平，則不(bu)得(de)援引(yin)該(gai)條(tiao)款。
A clause which limits or excludes one party’s liability for non-performance or whichpermits one party to render performance substantially different from what the other party reasonably expected may not be invoked if it would be grossly unfair to do so, having regard to the purpose of the contract.
第7.1.7條 不可抗力
(1)若不(bu)履(lv)(lv)行(xing)的(de)一(yi)方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)(shi)人證明，其不(bu)履(lv)(lv)行(xing)是由于(yu)非他(ta)所能控制的(de)障礙(ai)所致(zhi)，而且在合(he)同(tong)訂立之(zhi)時該方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)(shi)人無法合(he)理地預見，或不(bu)能合(he)理地避(bi)免(mian)或克服(fu)該障礙(ai)及其后果，則(ze)不(bu)履(lv)(lv)行(xing)方(fang)應予免(mian)責。
(1) Non-performance by a party is excused if that party proves that the nonperformance was due to an impediment beyond its control and that it could not reasonably be expected to have taken the impediment into account at the time of the conclusion of the contract or to have avoided or overcome it or its consequences.
(2)若障礙只(zhi)是暫(zan)時的，則在(zai)(zai)考慮(lv)到這種障礙對合同履行影(ying)響的情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)，免責只(zhi)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)段合理(li)的期間內具有效力。
(2) When the impediment is only temporary, the excuse shall have effect for such period as is reasonable having regard to the effect of the impediment on the performance of the contract.
(3)未(wei)能履(lv)行義務的(de)一方(fang)(fang)(fang)當事人(ren)(ren)必須(xu)將障礙及對(dui)其履(lv)約能力的(de)影響通(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)另一方(fang)(fang)(fang)當事人(ren)(ren)。若另一方(fang)(fang)(fang)當事人(ren)(ren)在未(wei)履(lv)行方(fang)(fang)(fang)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道或應(ying)當知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道該(gai)障礙后的(de)一段合理時間(jian)內沒有(you)收(shou)到(dao)通(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，則未(wei)履(lv)行方(fang)(fang)(fang)應(ying)對(dui)另一方(fang)(fang)(fang)當事人(ren)(ren)因(yin)未(wei)收(shou)到(dao)通(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而導致的(de)損害(hai)負賠償責任。
(3) The party who fails to perform must give notice to the other party of the impediment and its effect on its ability to perform. If the notice is not received by the other party within a reasonable time after the party who fails to perform knew or ought to have known of the impediment, it is liable for damages resulting from such nonreceipt.
(4)本(ben)條(tiao)并不妨礙(ai)一方當事人行使終止合同(tong)、停(ting)止履行或對(dui)到期應付款項要求支付利息(xi)的(de)權(quan)利。
(4) Nothing in this article prevents a party from exercising a right to terminate the contract or to withhold performance or request interest on money due.
第(di)二節 要求履(lv)行的權利(li)SECTION 2: RIGHT TO PERFORMANCE
第7.2.1條 金錢債務的履行
如果有義務付(fu)款(kuan)的一方當事(shi)人未履行其付(fu)款(kuan)義務，則另一方當事(shi)人可以要求(qiu)付(fu)款(kuan)。
Where a party who is obliged to pay money does not do so, the other party may require payment.
第7.2.2條 非金錢債務的履行
如果一方(fang)當事(shi)人未履(lv)行(xing)其不屬支付金錢的債(zhai)務(wu)，另一方(fang)當事(shi)人可要求履(lv)行(xing)，除非:
Where a party who owes an obligation other than one to pay money does not perform, the other party may require performance, unless
(a)履行在法律上或事(shi)實(shi)上不(bu)可(ke)能(neng); (a) performance is impossible in law or in fact;
(b)履行或(huo)相關(guan)的(de)執(zhi)行帶來不合理的(de)負擔或(huo)費用;
(b) performance or, where relevant, enforcement is unreasonably burdensome or expensive;
(c)有權要(yao)求履行的一方當事(shi)人可以合理地從其他渠(qu)道獲得履行;
(c) the party entitled to performance may reasonably obtain performance from another source;
(d)履行完全屬于人身性質;或者
(e)有權要(yao)求(qiu)履行的(de)一(yi)(yi)方當(dang)事(shi)人在(zai)已經知(zhi)道或(huo)應(ying)當(dang)知(zhi)道該不履行后(hou)的(de)一(yi)(yi)段合理(li)時間內未要(yao)求(qiu)履行。
(e) the party entitled to performance does not require performance within a reasonable time after it has, or ought to have, become aware of the non-performance.
第7.2.3條(tiao) 對(dui)瑕疵(ci)履行的(de)修補(bu)和替換
ARTICLE 7.2.3 Repair and replacement of defective performance
要求(qiu)履(lv)行(xing)的(de)權利(li)，在適當的(de)情(qing)況下(xia)，包括(kuo)對瑕(xia)疵履(lv)行(xing)要求(qiu)修補、替換或其他補救的(de)權利(li)。這(zhe)里(li)也適用第(di)7.2.1條和(he)第(di)7.2.2條的(de)規定(ding)。
The right to performance includes in appropriate cases the right to require repair, replacement, or other cure of defective performance. The provisions of Articles 7.2.1 and 7.2.2 apply accordingly.
第7.2.4條 法院判決的罰金
(1)當法院(yuan)判決一方(fang)當事人履行義務(wu)時，若該(gai)方(fang)當事人不(bu)執(zhi)行該(gai)判決，法院(yuan)還可責令其支付罰(fa)金(jin)。
(1) Where the court orders a party to perform, it may also direct that this party pay a penalty if it does not comply with the order.
(2)罰(fa)金應支付給受(shou)損害方，除(chu)非(fei)法(fa)院地的(de)強制性法(fa)規(gui)(gui)另有規(gui)(gui)定，向受(shou)損害方支付罰(fa)金并(bing)不排除(chu)其任何要求損害賠償的(de)主張權。
(2) The penalty shall be paid to the aggrieved party unless mandatory provisions of the law of the forum provide otherwise. Payment of the penalty to the aggrieved party does not exclude any claim for damages.
第7.2.5條 救濟的變更
(1)要求履行非金錢債務(wu)的(de)(de)受損害方，在規定的(de)(de)期限內(nei)或(huo)若無此規定在一段合理的(de)(de)時間內(nei)，未獲(huo)得履行，則該方當事人可訴(su)諸任何(he)其他的(de)(de)救濟(ji)手段。
(1) An aggrieved party who has required performance of a non-monetary obligation and who has not received performance within a period fixed or otherwise within a reasonable period of time may invoke any other remedy.
(2)當對于履行非金(jin)錢債務的(de)法(fa)院判決不能得到執(zhi)行時，受損害(hai)方可訴諸任何其他的(de)救濟(ji)手(shou)段。
(2) Where the decision of a court for performance of a non-monetary obligation cannot be enforced, the aggrieved party may invoke any other remedy.
第三節 合同的終止SECTION 3: TERMINATION
第7.3.1條 終止合同的權利
(1)合(he)(he)同(tong)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)當事(shi)(shi)人(ren)可終止合(he)(he)同(tong)，如果另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)當事(shi)(shi)人(ren)未履行其合(he)(he)同(tong)項下的(de)某項義務(wu)構成(cheng)對合(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)根(gen)本不履行。
(1) A party may terminate the contract where the failure of the other party to perform an obligation under the contract amounts to a fundamental non-performance.
(2)在確定不履行某項義務是否(fou)構(gou)成根本不履行時，應特別考慮是否(fou)存在以下情況:
(2) In determining whether a failure to perform an obligation amounts to a fundamental non-performance regard shall be had, in particular, to whether
(a)不履行從實質上剝奪了(le)受損害方根(gen)據合同有權期待的利益，除非另(ling)一方當事人并未預(yu)見也不可能(neng)合理地預(yu)見到此結果;
(a) the non-performance substantially deprives the aggrieved party of what it was entitled to expect under the contract unless the other party did not foresee and could not reasonably have foreseen such result;
(b)對未履(lv)行(xing)義務的(de)嚴(yan)格遵守是合同項下的(de)實質(zhi)內容;
(b) strict compliance with the obligation which has not been performed is of essence under the contract;
(c)不履行是有意所致還是疏忽所致;
(d)不(bu)履(lv)行使(shi)受損害方有理由相信(xin)，他不(bu)能信(xin)賴(lai)另一(yi)方當事人(ren)的未來履(lv)行;
(d) the non-performance gives the aggrieved party reason to believe that it cannot rely on the other party’s future performance;
(e)若合(he)同被終止，不(bu)履行方將因已(yi)準備(bei)或已(yi)履行而蒙受不(bu)相稱的損失。
(e) the non-performing party will suffer disproportionate loss as a result of the preparation or performance if the contract is terminated.
(3)在遲延履(lv)行(xing)的情(qing)況下，如果另一方(fang)當事人(ren)未在第7.1.5條允許(xu)的額外(wai)期間屆(jie)滿(man)前(qian)履(lv)行(xing)合同，受損害方(fang)亦可終止合同。
(3) In the case of delay the aggrieved party may also terminate the contract if the other party fails to perform before the time allowed it under Article 7.1.5 has expired.
第7.3.2條 終止通知
(1)一方當(dang)事人終止合(he)同的(de)權利通過向另(ling)一方當(dang)事人發出通知(zhi)來(lai)行(xing)使。
(1) The right of a party to terminate the contract is exercised by notice to the other party.
(2)若(ruo)屬遲(chi)延履行(xing)(xing)或(huo)履行(xing)(xing)與合同不符，受損害方將喪失終(zhong)止合同的權利，除(chu)非他(ta)在(zai)已經知(zhi)(zhi)道或(huo)理應知(zhi)(zhi)道遲(chi)延履行(xing)(xing)或(huo)不符履行(xing)(xing)后一段(duan)合理時間內通知(zhi)(zhi)另一方當事人。
(2) If performance has been offered late or otherwise does not conform to the contract the aggrieved party will lose its right to terminate the contract unless it gives notice to the other party within a reasonable time after it has or ought to have become aware of the offer or of the non-conforming performance.
第7.3.3條 預期不履行
如果(guo)在一方(fang)當事(shi)(shi)人履(lv)行合同日期之(zhi)前，情況表明(ming)該方(fang)當事(shi)(shi)人將根(gen)本不履(lv)行其合同義(yi)務，則另一方(fang)當事(shi)(shi)人可終止(zhi)合同。
Where prior to the date for performance by one of the parties it is clear that there will be a fundamental non-performance by that party, the other party may terminate the contract.
第7.3.4條 如約履行的充分保證
一方(fang)當(dang)事人(ren)如果有(you)理由相信另一方(fang)當(dang)事人(ren)將根本不履(lv)(lv)行，可(ke)要求其(qi)對如約履(lv)(lv)行提供(gong)(gong)充分保(bao)證，并(bing)可(ke)同(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)停止(zhi)履(lv)(lv)行其(qi)自己的合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)義務。若在(zai)合(he)(he)理時(shi)(shi)間內不能提供(gong)(gong)這(zhe)種(zhong)保(bao)證，則(ze)要求提供(gong)(gong)保(bao)證的一方(fang)當(dang)事人(ren)可(ke)終止(zhi)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)。
A party who reasonably believes that there will be a fundamental non-performance by the other party may demand adequate assurance of due performance and may meanwhile withhold its own performance. Where this assurance is not provided within a reasonable time the party demanding it may terminate the contract.
第7.3.5條 終止合同的一般效果
(1)合同的(de)終止(zhi)解除雙方當事(shi)人(ren)履(lv)行(xing)和接受未來履(lv)行(xing)的(de)義務(wu)。
(1) Termination of the contract releases both parties from their obligation to effect and to receive future performance.
(2)終止并不(bu)排除(chu)對不(bu)履行要求損害(hai)賠償的(de)權利。
(2) Termination does not preclude a claim for damages for non-performance.
(3)終止(zhi)并不影響合(he)同中關于(yu)解決爭議的(de)任何規定，或者(zhe)甚(shen)至在合(he)同終止(zhi)后仍應執(zhi)行(xing)的(de)其他合(he)同條款。
(3) Termination does not affect any provision in the contract for the settlement of disputes or any other term of the contract which is to operate even after termination.
第7.3.6條 恢復原狀
(1)終止(zhi)合(he)同時，任何一方(fang)當事人可主張返(fan)還(huan)他所提(ti)供的一切，但是要(yao)以該方(fang)同時亦返(fan)還(huan)他所收到的一切為條件。如果實物返(fan)還(huan)不可能或(huo)不適當，只要(yao)合(he)理，應以金錢(qian)予以補(bu)償(chang)。
(1) On termination of the contract either party may claim restitution of whatever it has supplied, provided that such party concurrently makes restitution of whatever it has received. If restitution in kind is not possible or appropriate allowance should be made in money whenever reasonable.
(2)但是若合(he)同的履行已持續了一段(duan)時間(jian)，并且(qie)合(he)同是可分割的，則只能對合(he)同終止(zhi)生(sheng)效后的那(nei)段(duan)期(qi)間(jian)的履行請(qing)求此(ci)類恢復原狀。
(2) However, if performance of the contract has extended over a period of time and the contract is divisible, such restitution can only be claimed for the period after termination has taken effect.
第四節 損害賠償SECTION 4: DAMAGES
第7.4.1條 損害賠償(chang)的(de)權(quan)利(li) ARTICLE 7.4.1 Right to damages
任(ren)何(he)不(bu)履(lv)行(xing)均(jun)使(shi)受損害方取得損害賠償(chang)請求權(quan)，該權(quan)利既可(ke)以(yi)(yi)單獨行(xing)使(shi)，也可(ke)以(yi)(yi)和任(ren)何(he)其他(ta)救(jiu)濟手(shou)段(duan)一并(bing)行(xing)使(shi)，但該不(bu)履(lv)行(xing)根據本(ben)通則屬可(ke)以(yi)(yi)免責的除(chu)外。
Any non-performance gives the aggrieved party a right to damages either exclusively or in conjunction with any other
remedies except where the non-performance is excused under these Principles.
第7.4.2條 賠償
(1)受(shou)(shou)損(sun)(sun)害方(fang)對由于不履(lv)行而遭受(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)損(sun)(sun)害有權得(de)(de)到(dao)完全(quan)賠償。該損(sun)(sun)害既包括該方(fang)當事(shi)人遭受(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)任(ren)何(he)損(sun)(sun)失，也包括其被剝奪的(de)(de)任(ren)何(he)收(shou)益(yi)，但應當考慮到(dao)受(shou)(shou)損(sun)(sun)害方(fang)因(yin)避免發生的(de)(de)成本或損(sun)(sun)害而得(de)(de)到(dao)的(de)(de)任(ren)何(he)收(shou)益(yi)。
(1) The aggrieved party is entitled to full compensation for harm sustained as a result of the non-performance. Such harm includes both any loss which it suffered and any gain of which it was deprived, taking into account any gain to the aggrieved party resulting from its avoidance of cost or harm.
(2)此損(sun)害可以是(shi)非(fei)金錢性質的(de)，并且包括例如肉體或精神上的(de)痛苦。
(2) Such harm may be non-pecuniary and includes, for instance, physical suffering or emotional distress.
第7.4.3條 損害的確定
(1)賠償僅適用(yong)于根據合(he)理(li)的確(que)定性程度而證實的損害(hai)，包(bao)括未來損害(hai)。
(1) Compensation is due only for harm, including future harm, that is established with a reasonable degree of certainty.
(2)對機會損失的賠(pei)償可根據機會發生的可能性程度來確定。
(2) Compensation may be due for the loss of a chance in proportion to the probability of its occurrence.
(3)凡不能以充分確(que)定性程(cheng)度(du)來確(que)定損害賠(pei)償的(de)金額，賠(pei)償金額的(de)確(que)定取決于(yu)法院的(de)自由裁量權。
(3) Where the amount of damages cannot be established with a sufficient degree of certainty, the assessment is at the discretion of the court.
第7.4.4條 損害的可預見性
不履(lv)行(xing)方僅對在訂立合(he)同時他已經預見到的(de)或應當合(he)理預見到的(de)、因(yin)其不履(lv)行(xing)可能產(chan)生的(de)損(sun)害承擔責任。
The non-performing party is liable only for harm which it foresaw or could reasonably have foreseen at the time of the conclusion of the contract as being likely to result from its non-performance.
第7.4.5條 存在替代交易情況時的損害證明
ARTICLE 7.4.5 Proof of harm in case of replacement transaction
在受損害(hai)方已終止(zhi)合(he)同并在合(he)理時(shi)間內以合(he)理方式進行了替代(dai)(dai)交易(yi)的(de)情況下(xia)，該方當事(shi)人(ren)可對原合(he)同價格與替代(dai)(dai)交易(yi)價格之間的(de)差額(e)以及任何進一步的(de)損害(hai)要求賠償。
Where the aggrieved party has terminated the contract and has made a replacement transaction within a reasonable time and in a reasonable manner it may recover the difference between the contract price and the price of the replacement transaction as well as damages for any further harm.
第7.4.6條 依時價確定損害的證明
(1)在受損(sun)害(hai)方已終(zhong)止合同(tong)(tong)但未(wei)進行(xing)替代交易(yi)的情況下(xia)，如(ru)果對(dui)于合同(tong)(tong)約定的履行(xing)存在時價(jia)(jia)，則該(gai)方當事(shi)人可對(dui)合同(tong)(tong)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)與(yu)合同(tong)(tong)終(zhong)止時的時價(jia)(jia)之間的差額以及任何進一步的損(sun)害(hai)要求賠償(chang)。
(1) Where the aggrieved party has terminated the contract and has not made a replacement transaction but there is a current price for the performance contracted for, it may recover the difference between the contract price and the price current at the time the contract is terminated as well as damages for any further harm.
(2)時價(jia)是指在合(he)同應(ying)當履行的地點，對應(ying)交(jiao)付(fu)之(zhi)貨(huo)物(wu)或(huo)應(ying)提(ti)供之(zhi)服務在可(ke)(ke)比情況下通常(chang)所(suo)收取的價(jia)格，或(huo)者如(ru)果該地無時價(jia)，時價(jia)為可(ke)(ke)合(he)理參照的另(ling)一地的時價(jia)。
(2) Current price is the price generally charged for goods delivered or services rendered in comparable circumstances at the place where the contract should have been performed or, if there is no current price at that place, the current price at such other place that appears reasonable to take as a reference.
第7.4.7條 部分歸咎于受損害方的損害
如果損害(hai)(hai)部(bu)(bu)分歸(gui)咎于受損害(hai)(hai)方的作為或不作為，或是由該方當(dang)事人承(cheng)擔風險的其他(ta)事件所導(dao)致(zhi)，在考慮到各方當(dang)事人行為的情況下(xia)，損害(hai)(hai)賠償金(jin)額應扣(kou)除因上述因素導(dao)致(zhi)的損害(hai)(hai)部(bu)(bu)分。
Where the harm is due in part to an act or omission of the aggrieved party or to another event as to which that party bears the risk, the amount of damages shall be reduced to the extent that these factors have contributed to the harm, having regard to the conduct of each of the parties.
第7.4.8條 損害的減輕
(1)不履(lv)行(xing)方(fang)對于受損(sun)害(hai)方(fang)所蒙受的(de)本來可(ke)以通過其采取合理措施減少的(de)那部分損(sun)害(hai)，不承擔責任。
(1) The non-performing party is not liable for harm suffered by the aggrieved party to the extent that the harm could have been reduced by the latter party’s taking reasonable steps.
(2)受損害方有權對試圖減少損害而發(fa)生的一切合理費用(yong)要求補償(chang)。
(2) The aggrieved party is entitled to recover any expenses reasonably incurred in attempting to reduce the harm.
第7.4.9條 未付金錢債務的利息
(1)如果一(yi)方當事人未支付(fu)一(yi)筆(bi)到期的金錢債務(wu)，受損害方有權要求支付(fu)自該筆(bi)債務(wu)到期時起至(zhi)支付(fu)時止(zhi)的利息，而不管(guan)該不付(fu)款是否(fou)可被(bei)免責。
(1) If a party does not pay a sum of money when it falls due the aggrieved party is entitled to interest upon that sum from the time when payment is due to the time of payment whether or not the non-payment is excused.
(2)利(li)(li)率(lv)(lv)應為付(fu)(fu)款地(di)(di)銀行對主要借款人借貸(dai)支付(fu)(fu)貨幣的(de)短(duan)期平均貸(dai)款通行利(li)(li)率(lv)(lv)。若該地(di)(di)無此利(li)(li)率(lv)(lv)，則為支付(fu)(fu)貨幣國(guo)家的(de)此種利(li)(li)率(lv)(lv)。當(dang)上(shang)述兩地(di)(di)均無此利(li)(li)率(lv)(lv)時，應為支付(fu)(fu)貨幣國(guo)法律(lv)規定的(de)適(shi)當(dang)利(li)(li)率(lv)(lv)。
(2) The rate of interest shall be the average bank short-term lending rate to prime borrowers prevailing for the currency of payment at the place for payment, or where no such rate exists at that place, then the same rate in the State of the currency of payment. In the absence of such a rate at either place the rate of interest shall be the appropriate rate fixed by the law of the State of the currency of payment.
(3)受損害方(fang)有(you)權對(dui)不付款給其造(zao)成的更大(da)的損害要求(qiu)額外的損害賠償。
(3) The aggrieved party is entitled to additional damages if the non-payment caused it a greater harm.
第7.4.10條 損害賠償的利息
除非(fei)另(ling)有約定，對非(fei)金(jin)錢債務不履(lv)行的(de)損害(hai)賠償的(de)利息(xi)自(zi)不履(lv)行之時起(qi)算。
Unless otherwise agreed, interest on damages for non-performance of non-monetary obligations accrues as from the time of non-performance.
第7.4.11條 金錢賠償的方式
(1)損害(hai)賠償(chang)應一次付清(qing)。但是，當損害(hai)的性(xing)質適(shi)于分期(qi)付款償(chang)付時，也可(ke)分期(qi)償(chang)付。
(1) Damages are to be paid in a lump sum. However, they may be payable in instalments where the nature of the harm makes this appropriate.
(2)分期支付(fu)損(sun)害賠償金(jin)時，可以按(an)指(zhi)數調整。
(2) Damages to be paid in instalments may be indexed.
第7.4.12條 估算損害賠償金的貨幣
損(sun)(sun)害賠償(chang)金(jin)既可以(yi)(yi)用(yong)表示金(jin)錢債務的(de)貨幣確定，也可以(yi)(yi)用(yong)遭受損(sun)(sun)害的(de)貨幣確定，以(yi)(yi)兩者中最為適當的(de)貨幣為準。
Damages are to be assessed either in the currency in which the monetary obligation was expressed or in the currency in which the harm was suffered, whichever is more appropriate.
第7.4.13條 對不履行所約定的付款
(1)如果合同(tong)規定(ding)不履行方應支付受損(sun)害方一筆約定(ding)的金額，則受損(sun)害方有權獲得該筆金額，而不管其實際損(sun)害如何(he)。
(1) Where the contract provides that a party who does not perform is to pay a specified sum to the aggrieved party for such non-performance, the aggrieved party is entitled to that sum irrespective of its actual harm.
(2)但(dan)是，如果約定金(jin)額嚴重超過因不(bu)(bu)履行以及其他(ta)情況(kuang)導致的(de)損害，則可將該約定金(jin)額減少至一(yi)個(ge)合理(li)的(de)數目，而(er)不(bu)(bu)考慮(lv)任何與此相反的(de)約定。
(2) However, notwithstanding any agreement to the contrary the specified sum may be reduced to a reasonable amount where it is grossly excessive in relation to the harm resulting from the non-performance and to the other circumstances.
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