Principles of International Commercial Contracts 國際統一私法協會國際商事合同通則 (2004) 簡介：《國際商事合同通則》（Principles of International Commercial Contracts，簡稱PICC）是國際統一私法協會1994年編撰的，2004年做了大的修訂。它是一部具
Principles of International Commercial Contracts
國際統一私法協會國際商事合同通則
第一章 總(zong)則GENERAL PROVISIONS
第1.1條締約自由
第1.2條無形式要求
第1.3條合同的約束性
第1.4條 強(qiang)制性規(gui)則 ARTICLE 1.4Mandatory rules
第1.5條 當事人的排除或修改
第1.6條 通(tong)則的解釋和補充 ARTICLE 1.6 Interpretation and supplementation of the Principles
第1.7條 誠(cheng)實信用(yong)和(he)公平交(jiao)易 ARTICLE 1.7 Good faith and fair dealing
第1.8條 不一致行為 ARTICLE 1.8 Inconsistent Behaviour
第1.9條(tiao) 慣(guan)例和(he)習慣(guan)做法(fa) ARTICLE 1.9 Usages and practices
第1.10條 通知 ARTICLE 1.10 Notice
第1.11條(tiao) 定義(yi) ARTICLE 1.11 Definitions
第1.12條 當(dang)事人規定(ding)的時間(jian)的計算 ARTICLE 1.12 Computation of time set by parties
第二章 合同的訂(ding)立(li)與(yu)代(dai)理人的權(quan)限
CHAPTER 2 — FORMATION AND AUTHORITY OF AGENTS
第一節 合同的訂立SECTION 1: FORMATION
第2.1.1條 訂立的形式
第2.1.2條 要約的定義
第2.1.3條 要約的撤回
第2.1.4條 要約的撤銷
第2.1.5條 要約的拒絕
第2.1.6條 承諾的方式
第2.1.7條 承諾的時間
第2.1.8條 規定期限內的承諾
第2.1.9條 逾期承諾與傳遞遲延
第2.1.10條 承諾的撤回
第2.1.11條 變更的承諾
第2.1.12條 書面確認
第2.1.13條合同的訂立基于對特定事項或特定形式的協議
第2.1.14條 特意待定的合同條款
第2.1.15條 惡意談判
第2.1.16條 保密義務
第2.1.17條 合并條款
第2.1.18條 特定形式修改
第2.1.19條 按標準條款訂立合同 ARTICLE 2.1.19
第2.1.20條 意外條款
第2.1.21條 標準條款與非標準條款的沖突
ARTICLE 2.1.21 Conflict between standard terms and non-standard terms
第2.1.22條 格式合同之爭
第二節 代理人(ren)的權限(xian)SECTION 2: AUTHORITY OF AGENTS
第2.2.1條 本節的范圍
第2.2.2條 代理人權限的(de)確立和范圍
ARTICLE 2.2.2 Establishment and scope of the authority of the agent
第2.2.3條 顯名代理
第2.2.4條 隱名代理
第2.2.5條 代理人無權或越權行事
ARTICLE 2.2.5 Agent acting without or exceeding its authority
第2.2.6條(tiao) 代理人無權(quan)或越(yue)權(quan)行事(shi)的責(ze)任(ren)
第2.2.7條 利益沖突
第2.2.8條 次代理
第2.2.9條 追認
第2.2.10條 代理權終止 ARTICLE 2.2.10
第(di)三章 合同(tong)的(de)效力CHAPTER 3 — VALIDITY
第(di)3.1條 未涉及事項(xiang) ARTICLE 3.1(Matters not covered)
第3.2條 協議的效力
第3.3條 自始不能
第3.4條 錯誤的定義
第3.5條 相關錯誤
第3.6條 表述或傳達中的錯誤
第3.7條 對不履(lv)行的救濟 ARTICLE 3.7 Remedies for non-performance
第3.8條 欺詐
第3.9條 脅迫
第3.10條 重大失衡
第3.11條 第三人
第3.12條 確認
第3.13條 喪失宣告合同無效的權利
第3.14條 宣告合同無效的通知
第3.15條 時間期限
第3.16條 部分無效
第3.17條 宣告合同無效的追溯力
第3.18條 損害賠償
第3.19條 本章條款的強制性
第3.20條 單方聲明
第(di)四(si)章 合同的解釋CHAPTER 4 — INTERPRETATION
第4.1條 當事人的意思
第4.2條 對(dui)陳述和其(qi)他行為的解釋
第4.3條 相關情況
第4.4條 合同或陳述作為整體考慮
ARTICLE 4.4 Reference to contract or statement as a whole
第4.5條 給予所有條款以效力
第4.6條 對條款提議人不利規則
第4.7條 語言差異
第4.8條 補充空缺條款
第五章(zhang) 合同(tong)的內容與第三(san)方權(quan)利CHAPTER 5 — CONTENT AND THIRD PARTY RIGHTS
第一(yi)節(jie) 合(he)同的內容SECTION 1: CONTENT
第5.1.1條 明示和默示的義務
第5.1.2條 默示的義務
第5.1.3條 事人之間的合作
第5.1.5條確定所涉義務的種類
第5.1.6條確定履行的質量
第5.1.7條 價格的確定
第5.1.8條 無固定期限的合同
第5.1.9條 通過協議放棄權利
第(di)二節 第(di)三方權(quan)利SECTION 2: THIRD PARTY RIGHTS
第5.2.1條 第三方受益的合同
第5.2.2條 可確定的第三方
第5.2.3條 排除和限制條款
第5.2.4條 抗辯
第5.2.5條 撤銷
第5.2.6條 放棄權利
第(di)六章 履行CHAPTER 6 — PERFORMANCE
第一(yi)節 履行的(de)一(yi)般(ban)規定SECTION 1: PERFORMANCE IN GENERAL
第6.1.1條 履行時間
第6.1.2條 一次或分期履行
第6.1.4條 履行順序
第6.1.5條 提前履行
第6.1.6條 履行地
第6.1.7條 以支票或其他票據付款
第6.1.8條 轉賬支付
第6.1.9條 付款貨幣
第6.1.10條 未規定貨幣
第6.1.11條 履行費用
第6.1.12條 指定清償
第6.1.13條 非金錢債務的指定清償
ARTICLE 6.1.13 Imputation of non-monetary obligations
第6.1.14條 申請公共許可
第6.1.15條 申請許可的程序
第6.1.16條 許可既未獲批準又未遭拒絕
ARTICLE 6.1.16 Permission neither granted nor refused
第6.1.17條 拒絕許可
第二節:艱難情(qing)形SECTION 2: HARDSHIP
第6.2.1條 合同必須遵守
第6.2.2條 艱難情形的定義
第七章 不履行CHAPTER 7 — NON-PERFORMANCE
第一(yi)節 不履(lv)行的一(yi)般規定SECTION 1: NON-PERFORMANCE IN GENERAL
第7.1.1條 不履行的定義
第7.1.2條
第7.1.3條 停止履行
第7.1.4條 不履行方的補救
第7.1.5條 履行的額外期間
第7.1.6條 免責條款
第7.1.7條 不可抗力
第二(er)節 要求履行(xing)的權利(li)SECTION 2: RIGHT TO PERFORMANCE
第7.2.1條 金錢債務的履行
第7.2.2條 非金錢債務的履行
第(di)7.2.3條 對瑕疵履行的修補和替換
ARTICLE 7.2.3 Repair and replacement of defective performance
第7.2.4條 法院判決的罰金
第7.2.5條 救濟的變更
第三節 合同的終止(zhi)SECTION 3: TERMINATION
第7.3.1條 終止合同的權利
第7.3.2條 終止通知
第7.3.3條 預期不履行
第7.3.4條 如約履行的充分保證
第7.3.5條 終止合同的一般效果
第7.3.6條 恢復原狀
第(di)四節(jie) 損害(hai)賠償SECTION 4: DAMAGES
第7.4.1條(tiao) 損害賠償的權利 ARTICLE 7.4.1 Right to damages
第7.4.2條 賠償
第7.4.3條 損害的確定
第7.4.4條 損害的可預見性
第7.4.5條 存在替代交易情況時的損害證明
ARTICLE 7.4.5 Proof of harm in case of replacement transaction
第7.4.6條 依時價確定損害的證明
第7.4.7條 部分歸咎于受損害方的損害
第7.4.8條 損害的減輕
第7.4.9條 未付金錢債務的利息
第7.4.10條 損害賠償的利息
第7.4.11條 金錢賠償的方式
第7.4.12條 估算損害賠償金的貨幣
第7.4.13條 對不履行所約定的付款
第八(ba)章(zhang) 抵銷CHAPTER 8 — SET-OFF
第8.1條 抵銷的條件
第8.2條 外匯抵銷
第8.3條 抵銷通知
第8.4條 通知的內容
第8.5條 抵銷的效力
第(di)九章 權利的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)讓、債務的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)移、合同(tong)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)讓
CHAPTER 9 — ASSIGNMENT OF RIGHTS, TRANSFER OF OBLIGATIONS,
ASSIGNMENT OF CONTRACTS
第一節 權(quan)利的(de)轉讓SECTION 1: ASSIGNMENT OF RIGHTS
第9.1.1條 定義
第9.1.2條 排除適用
第9.1.3條 非金錢權利的轉讓
第9.1.4條 部分轉讓
第9.1.5條 未來權利
第9.1.6條 未逐一指(zhi)明的(de)權利(li)的(de)轉讓
ARTICLE 9.1.6 Rights assigned without individual specification
第9.1.7條 讓與(yu)人(ren)和受(shou)讓人(ren)協議即可轉讓
ARTICLE 9.1.7 Agreement between assignor and assignee sufficient
第9.1.8條 債務人的額外成本
第9.1.9條 非轉讓條款
第9.1.10條 通知債務人
第9.1.11條 連續轉讓
第9.1.12條 轉讓的充分證據
第9.1.13條 抗辯權和抵銷權
第9.1.14條 與權利轉讓相關之權利
第9.1.15條 讓與人的擔保
第(di)二節:債務的(de)轉移SECTION 2: TRANSFER OF OBLIGATIONS
第9.2.1條 轉移的模式
第9.2.2條 排除適用
第9.2.3條 對債權人轉移同意的要求
ARTICLE 9.2.3 Requirement of obligee’s consent to transfer
第9.2.4條 債權人的預先同意
第9.2.5條 原債務人債務的解除
第9.2.6條 第三方履行
第9.2.7條 抗辯和抵銷權
第9.2.8條 與被轉移債務相關的權利
ARTICLE 9.2.8 Rights related to the obligation transferred
第三節 合(he)同(tong)的(de)轉讓SECTION 3: ASSIGNMENT OF CONTRACTS
第9.3.1條 定義
第9.3.2條 排除適用
第9.3.3條 另一方當事人同意的要求
ARTICLE 9.3.3 Requirement of consent of the other party
第9.3.4條 另一方當事人的預先同意
第9.3.5條 讓與人債務的解除
第9.3.6條 抗辯和抵銷權
第9.3.7條 隨合同轉讓的權利
第十章 時(shi)效(xiao)期間(jian)CHAPTER 10 — LIMITATION PERIODS
第10.1條 本章范圍
第10.2條 時效期間
第10.3條 當事人對時效期間的修改
ARTICLE 10.3 Modification of limitation periods by the parties
第10.5條 因司法程序而中止
第10.6條 因仲裁程序而中止
第10.7條 替代性爭議解決機制
第10.8條 因(yin)不可(ke)抗力、死亡(wang)或無行為能(neng)力而中止
ARTICLE 10.8 Suspension in case of force majeure, death or incapacity
第10.9條 時效期間屆滿的效力
ARTICLE 10.9 The effects of expiration of limitation period
第10.10條 抵銷權
第10.11條 返還
序言PREAMBLE
通則的目的
通則(ze)旨在(zai)為國際商事合同制定一般規則(ze)。
These Principles set forth general rules for international commercial contracts.
在當事(shi)人(ren)約定其(qi)合同受通則(ze)管轄時(shi)，應適用(yong)通則(ze)。.
They shall be applied when the parties have agreed that their contract be governed by them.(*)
在當事人(ren)約定其合同受法律的一(yi)般原則、商人(ren)習慣(guan)法或類似措(cuo)辭管(guan)轄時，可適用通則。
They may be applied when the parties have agreed that their contract be governed by general principles of law, the lex mercatoria or the like.
在當事(shi)人未選擇任何法律管轄(xia)其合(he)同時，可適用(yong)通則。
They may be applied when the parties have not chosen any law to govern their contract.
通則可(ke)用(yong)于解釋(shi)或補充(chong)國(guo)際統一法文件。
They may be used to interpret or supplement international uniform law instruments.
通則(ze)可用于解釋(shi)或補充國內法(fa)。
They may be used to interpret or supplement domestic law.
通則也(ye)可作為國內和國際立法的范(fan)本。
They may serve as a model for national and international legislators.
(*)希望在合同中規定其協議受《通則(ze)》管(guan)轄的(de)(de)當事人可(ke)以使用(yong)如下表(biao)述，并加上(shang)任何(he)希望的(de)(de)例(li)外或調整:
(*)Parties wishing to provide that their agreement be governed by the Principles might use the following words, adding any desired exceptions or modifications:
“本(ben)合(he)(he)同(tong)應受《國際統一(yi)私法(fa)協會國際商(shang)事合(he)(he)同(tong)通則》(2004)管(guan)轄(xia)，[除了(le)某(mou)條款(kuan)]。”
“This contract shall be governed by the UNIDROIT Principles(2004)[except as to Articles …]”.
希望在合同中規定適用某一特定的轄(xia)區法(fa)律的當事人，可以使用如下(xia)表述:
Parties wishing to provide in addition for the application of the law of a particular jurisdiction might use the following words:
“本(ben)合同(tong)(tong)應受《國(guo)際統(tong)一私法協(xie)會國(guo)際商事合同(tong)(tong)通則》(2004)管轄(xia)[除了某條(tiao)款]，
必要時(shi)由(you)【X管轄區(qu)】的法律補充。”
“This contract shall be governed by the UNIDROIT Principles(2004)[except as to Articles…],
supplemented when necessary by the law of [jurisdiction X].
第一(yi)章 總 則(ze)CHAPTER 1 — GENERAL PROVISIONS
第1.1條締約自由 ARTICLE 1.1 Freedom of contract
當(dang)事人可自由訂立合同(tong)并(bing)確(que)定合同(tong)的(de)內容。
The parties are free to enter into a contract and to determine its content.
第1.2條無(wu)形式要求(qiu) ARTICLE 1.2 No form required
通則(ze)不要求合同、聲(sheng)明或(huo)其(qi)他任何行為必(bi)須以(yi)特(te)定(ding)形(xing)式作出(chu)或(huo)以(yi)特(te)定(ding)形(xing)式證明。合同可通過包括證人(ren)在內的任何形(xing)式證明。
Nothing in these Principles requires a contract, statement or any other act to be made in or evidenced by a particular form. It may be proved by any means, including witnesses.
第1.3條合同的約束性
有效訂立的(de)合(he)同對當事人均具有約束力(li)。當事人僅能根據合(he)同的(de)條款，或通(tong)過(guo)協議，或根據通(tong)則的(de)規(gui)定修改或終止合(he)同。
A contract validly entered into is binding upon the parties. It can only be modified or terminated in accordance with its terms or by agreement or as otherwise provided in these Principles.
第1.4條(tiao) 強制性(xing)規則 ARTICLE 1.4Mandatory rules
通(tong)則的(de)任何規定都不應限制根據國(guo)際私法有(you)關規則導致的(de)強制性規則的(de)適(shi)用，且不論這些強制性規則是源(yuan)于(yu)國(guo)內的(de)、國(guo)際的(de)還是超(chao)國(guo)家的(de)。
Nothing in these Principles shall restrict the application of mandatory rules, whether of national, international or supranational origin, which are applicable in accordance with the relevant rules of private international law.
第1.5條 當事人的排除或修改
除通(tong)則(ze)(ze)另有規定外(wai)，當(dang)事(shi)人可以排除通(tong)則(ze)(ze)的適用，或者(zhe)減損或改(gai)變通(tong)則(ze)(ze)任何條款的效力。
The parties may exclude the application of these Principles or derogate from or vary the effect of any of their provisions, except as otherwise provided in the Principles.
第1.6條 通則的解釋(shi)和補充 ARTICLE 1.6 Interpretation and supplementation of the Principles
(1)在解釋通則(ze)時(shi)，應考(kao)慮(lv)通則(ze)的(de)國際(ji)性及其目的(de)，包括(kuo)促進(jin)其統一適用的(de)需要。
(1) In the interpretation of these Principles, regard is to be had to their international character and to their purposes including the need to promote uniformity in their application.
(2)凡屬于(yu)通則(ze)范(fan)圍之內但(dan)又未(wei)被通則(ze)明確規定的問(wen)題，應盡可能(neng)地根據通則(ze)確定的一般基本原則(ze)來(lai)處(chu)理。
(2) Issues within the scope of these Principles but not expressly settled by them are as far as possible to be settled in accordance with their underlying general principles.
第1.7條 誠實信(xin)用和(he)公(gong)平交易 ARTICLE 1.7 Good faith and fair dealing
(1)在國際貿易中，每(mei)一方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)人應(ying)依據誠實信用和公平交易的(de)原則行事(shi)。
(1) Each party must act in accordance with good faith and fair dealing in international trade.
(2)當事人不能排除或限制此項義務。
(2) The parties may not exclude or limit this duty.
第1.8條 不一致行為 ARTICLE 1.8 Inconsistent Behaviour
如果(guo)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)當(dang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)使得另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)當(dang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)產生某種(zhong)理(li)(li)解(jie)，且該(gai)另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)當(dang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)依(yi)賴該(gai)理(li)(li)解(jie)合(he)理(li)(li)行事(shi)(shi)(shi)，并對自己造成不(bu)利后果(guo)，則該(gai)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)當(dang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)不(bu)得以與該(gai)另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)當(dang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)理(li)(li)解(jie)不(bu)一(yi)致的(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)式行事(shi)(shi)(shi)。
A party cannot act inconsistently with an understanding it has caused the other party to have and upon which that other party reasonably has acted in reliance to its detriment.
第1.9條 慣例和(he)習慣做(zuo)法(fa) ARTICLE 1.9 Usages and practices
(1)當事人各(ge)方受其(qi)業(ye)已約定的任何慣例和(he)其(qi)相互之間業(ye)已建立的任何習(xi)慣做法的約束。
(1) The parties are bound by any usage to which they have agreed and by any practices which they have established between themselves.
(2)在(zai)特定的(de)(de)有關貿易(yi)中的(de)(de)合同當事人，應受國際(ji)貿易(yi)中廣泛知悉并(bing)慣(guan)常遵守的(de)(de)慣(guan)例的(de)(de)約束，除非該(gai)慣(guan)例的(de)(de)適用(yong)為不合理。
(2) The parties are bound by a usage that is widely known to and regularly observed in international trade by parties in the particular trade concerned except where the application of such a usage would be unreasonable.
第1.10條 通知 ARTICLE 1.10 Notice
(1)在需要(yao)發出通知(zhi)時，通知(zhi)可以適(shi)合于(yu)具體情況(kuang)的任何方式發出。
(1) Where notice is required it may be given by any means appropriate to the circumstances.
(2)通知于送達被通知人時生效。
(2) A notice is effective when it reaches the person to whom it is given.
(3)就(jiu)第(2)款(kuan)而言，通(tong)知(zhi)于口(kou)頭傳達被(bei)(bei)通(tong)知(zhi)人(ren)或遞送(song)到被(bei)(bei)通(tong)知(zhi)人(ren)的營業(ye)地或通(tong)訊地址(zhi)時(shi)，為通(tong)知(zhi)“送(song)達”被(bei)(bei)通(tong)知(zhi)人(ren)。
(3) For the purpose of paragraph(2) a notice “reaches” a person when given to that person orally or delivered at that person’s place of business or mailing address.
(4)就本條而言，通知包括聲明、要(yao)求、請求或任何其(qi)他意思的表述。
(4) For the purpose of this article “notice” includes a declaration, demand, request or any other communication of intention.
第1.11條 定義 ARTICLE 1.11 Definitions
通(tong)則(ze)中(zhong):In these Principles
“writing” means any mode of communication that preserves a record of the information contained there in and is capable of being reproduced in tangible form.
第1.12條 當(dang)事人規定的時間的計算 ARTICLE 1.12 Computation of time set by parties
(1)發生在(zai)(zai)由當事(shi)人規定的履行某一(yi)行為的期間內的法定節假日(ri)或非工作日(ri)應包括在(zai)(zai)期間的計(ji)算之內。
(1) Official holidays or non-business days occurring during a period set by parties for an act to be performed are included in calculating the period.
(2)然而，如果期間的(de)最后(hou)一天在(zai)履行(xing)該行(xing)為之當事人的(de)營業地是法定節假日(ri)或非工作日(ri)，該期間可(ke)順(shun)延至隨后(hou)的(de)第一個工作日(ri)，除非情況有相反的(de)表示。
(2) However, if the last day of the period is an official holiday or a non-business day at the place of business of the party to perform the act, the period is extended until the first business day which follows, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
(3)相關(guan)的(de)時區是(shi)設定時間(jian)的(de)當事人(ren)營業(ye)地的(de)時區，除非情(qing)況有相反的(de)表示(shi)。
(3) The relevant time zone is that of the place of business of the party setting the time, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
第二章 合(he)同的(de)(de)訂立與代理(li)人(ren)的(de)(de)權限
CHAPTER 2 — FORMATION AND AUTHORITY OF AGENTS
第一節 合(he)同的訂(ding)立SECTION 1: FORMATION
第2.1.1條 訂立的形式
合同可(ke)通過對(dui)要約的承諾或通過能充(chong)分表明當事(shi)人各方(fang)合意的行為而成立(li)。
A contract may be concluded either by the acceptance of an offer or by conduct of the parties that is sufficient to show agreement.
第2.1.2條 要約的定義
一(yi)項訂立合同的建議(yi)，如果(guo)十(shi)分確定，并表明要約人在(zai)得到承諾時受其約束的意旨，即構成一(yi)項要約。
A proposal for concluding a contract constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance.
第2.1.3條 要約的撤回
(1)要(yao)約(yue)(yue)于送達(da)受要(yao)約(yue)(yue)人時生效;
(1) An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree.
(2)一項要約即使是不可撤銷的，也可以撤回，如果撤回通知在要約送(song)達受(shou)要約人之前或與(yu)要約同(tong)時送(song)達受(shou)要約人。
(2) An offer, even if it is irrevocable, may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeree before or at the same time as the offer.
第2.1.4條 要約的撤銷
(1)在合同訂(ding)立之前(qian)，要(yao)約(yue)得予撤銷(xiao)，如果撤銷(xiao)通知在受要(yao)約(yue)人發出承諾之前(qian)送達受要(yao)約(yue)人。
(1) Until a contract is concluded an offer may be revoked if the revocation reaches the offeree before it has dispatched an acceptance.
(2)但是，在下列情況下，要約不得撤銷:
(a)要約寫(xie)明承(cheng)諾的期限，或以其他(ta)方式表明要約是(shi)不(bu)可(ke)撤銷的;或
(a) if it indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable; or
(b)受要(yao)約(yue)人有理(li)由信(xin)賴(lai)該(gai)項(xiang)要(yao)約(yue)是不可撤銷的，且受要(yao)約(yue)人已依賴(lai)該(gai)要(yao)約(yue)行事。
(b) if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer.
第2.1.5條 要約的拒絕
要約(yue)于拒(ju)絕通知送(song)達要約(yue)人時終止。
An offer is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror.
第2.1.6條 承諾的方式
(1)受要約人(ren)做出的聲明(ming)或表示同意一項要約的其他(ta)行(xing)為構(gou)成承諾。緘默或不行(xing)為本身不構(gou)成承諾。
(1) A statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating assent to an offer is an acceptance. Silence or inactivity does not in itself amount to acceptance.
(2)對(dui)一(yi)項要約的承諾于(yu)同意的表示(shi)送(song)達(da)要約人(ren)時(shi)生(sheng)效。
(2) An acceptance of an offer becomes effective when the indication of assent reaches the offeror.
(3)但(dan)是，如果根據(ju)要(yao)約(yue)本身，或依照(zhao)當事人(ren)之間建立的(de)習慣(guan)做法(fa)或依照(zhao)慣(guan)例，受要(yao)約(yue)人(ren)可以通(tong)過做出某行為(wei)來表示同意，而無(wu)須(xu)向要(yao)約(yue)人(ren)發(fa)出通(tong)知，則承諾(nuo)于做出該(gai)行為(wei)時生效。
(3) However, if, by virtue of the offer or as a result of practices which the parties have established between themselves or of usage, the offeree may indicate assent by performing an act without notice to the offeror, the acceptance is effective when the act is performed.
第2.1.7條 承諾的時間
要約必(bi)(bi)須在要約人規(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)(jian)內承諾(nuo);或者如(ru)果未規(gui)定(ding)時間(jian)(jian)，應(ying)在考慮了交易(yi)的(de)(de)(de)具體情(qing)況，包括要約人所使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)通(tong)訊方法的(de)(de)(de)快捷程度的(de)(de)(de)一段(duan)合理的(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)(jian)內做出承諾(nuo)。對(dui)口頭(tou)要約必(bi)(bi)須立即做出承諾(nuo)，除非(fei)情(qing)況有相反的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)示。
An offer must be accepted within the time the offeror has fixed or, if no time is fixed, within a reasonable time having regard to the circumstances, including the rapidity of the means of communication employed by the offeror. An oral offer must be accepted immediately unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
第2.1.8條 規定期限內的承諾
要(yao)約人規定的(de)承(cheng)諾期限自要(yao)約發(fa)出時(shi)起(qi)算。要(yao)約中表示的(de)日(ri)期應被視為是要(yao)約發(fa)出的(de)時(shi)間，除非情況(kuang)有相反(fan)的(de)表示。
A period of acceptance fixed by the offeror begins to run from the time that the offer is dispatched. A time indicated in the offer is deemed to be the time of dispatch unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
第2.1.9條 逾期承諾與傳遞遲延
(1)逾期(qi)承(cheng)諾仍應具(ju)有(you)承(cheng)諾的效力，但(dan)要(yao)約(yue)人(ren)應毫不遲延地(di)告知受要(yao)約(yue)人(ren)該承(cheng)諾具(ju)有(you)效力或(huo)就(jiu)此向受要(yao)約(yue)人(ren)發出通知。
(1) A late acceptance is nevertheless effective as an acceptance if without undue delay the offeror so informs the offeree or gives notice to that effect.
(2)如(ru)果載有逾(yu)期承(cheng)(cheng)諾(nuo)的信息表明它(ta)是在如(ru)果傳遞正常即能及時被送達要(yao)約(yue)(yue)人(ren)的情況下發出的，則(ze)該逾(yu)期的承(cheng)(cheng)諾(nuo)仍具有承(cheng)(cheng)諾(nuo)的效力，除非要(yao)約(yue)(yue)人(ren)毫不遲延地通知受要(yao)約(yue)(yue)人(ren)此要(yao)約(yue)(yue)已(yi)失效。
(2) If a communication containing a late acceptance shows that it has been sent in such circumstances that if its transmission had been normal it would have reached the offeror in due time, the late acceptance is effective as an acceptance unless, without undue delay, the offeror informs the offeree that it considers the offer as having lapsed.
第2.1.10條 承諾的撤回
承諾可以撤回，只要(yao)撤回通知在(zai)承諾本應(ying)生效之(zhi)前(qian)或同時(shi)送達要(yao)約人(ren)。
An acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective.
第2.1.11條 變更的承諾
(1)對(dui)要約意在表示承諾但(dan)載有添加(jia)、限制或其(qi)他變更(geng)的答復，即為對(dui)要約的拒絕，并構成反要約。
(1)A reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additions, limitations or other modifications is a rejection of the offer and constitutes a counter-offer.
(2)但是，對要(yao)約(yue)意在表(biao)示(shi)承(cheng)諾但載(zai)有添加，或不(bu)同(tong)條(tiao)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)答復(fu)，如(ru)果(guo)所(suo)載(zai)的(de)(de)(de)添加或不(bu)同(tong)條(tiao)件(jian)沒有實質性(xing)地改變(bian)要(yao)約(yue)的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件(jian)，那么，除非(fei)要(yao)約(yue)人毫不(bu)遲延(yan)地表(biao)示(shi)拒(ju)絕這些不(bu)符，則此答復(fu)仍構(gou)成承(cheng)諾。如(ru)果(guo)要(yao)約(yue)人不(bu)做出拒(ju)絕，則合(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)款(kuan)應以(yi)該(gai)項要(yao)約(yue)的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)款(kuan)以(yi)及承(cheng)諾通知中(zhong)所(suo)載(zai)有的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)更為準。
(2) However, a reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additional or different terms which do not materially alter the terms of the offer constitutes an acceptance, unless the offeror, without undue delay, objects to the discrepancy. If the offeror does not object, the terms of the contract are the terms of the offer with the modifications contained in the acceptance.
第2.1.12條 書面確認
在合(he)同(tong)訂立(li)后一段(duan)合(he)理時間內發出的(de)意在確認合(he)同(tong)的(de)書面文件，如果載有(you)添加或(huo)(huo)(huo)不同(tong)的(de)條(tiao)款(kuan)，除非這些添加或(huo)(huo)(huo)不同(tong)條(tiao)款(kuan)實質性(xing)地變(bian)更了合(he)同(tong)，或(huo)(huo)(huo)者(zhe)接(jie)收方毫不遲(chi)延地拒(ju)絕了這些不符(fu)，則這些條(tiao)款(kuan)應構成(cheng)合(he)同(tong)的(de)一個組(zu)成(cheng)部分。
If a writing which is sent within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract and which purports to be a confirmation of the contract contains additional or different terms, such terms become part of the contract, unless they materially alter the contract or the recipient, without undue delay, objects to the discrepancy.
第2.1.13條(tiao) 合(he)同的訂立基(ji)于(yu)對特定(ding)事項或特定(ding)形式的協議
ARTICLE 2.1.13 Conclusion of contract dependent on agreement on specific matters or in a particular form
在(zai)談判(pan)過(guo)程中(zhong)，凡一(yi)方當事(shi)人堅(jian)持(chi)合(he)同的(de)訂立以(yi)對(dui)特(te)(te)定(ding)事(shi)項或(huo)以(yi)特(te)(te)定(ding)形式達(da)(da)成(cheng)協議為條件的(de)，則在(zai)對(dui)這些特(te)(te)定(ding)事(shi)項或(huo)形式達(da)(da)成(cheng)協議之前(qian)，合(he)同不能訂立。
Where in the course of negotiations one of the parties insists that the contract is not concluded until there is agreement on specific matters or in a particular form, no contract is concluded before agreement is reached on those matters or in that form.
第2.1.14條 特意待定的合同條款
(1)如(ru)果當事人(ren)各(ge)方意(yi)在訂立一項合(he)同，但卻有(you)意(yi)將一項條款留(liu)待進一步談判(pan)商定(ding)或由(you)第三(san)人(ren)確(que)定(ding)，則(ze)這一事實并不(bu)妨礙(ai)合(he)同的成立。
(1) If the parties intend to conclude a contract, the fact that they intentionally leave a term to be agreed upon in further negotiations or to be determined by a third person does not prevent a contract from coming into existence.
(2)考(kao)慮(lv)到(dao)當事(shi)人各方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意思，如果在(zai)具(ju)體情(qing)況下存在(zai)一(yi)種可選擇(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)理方(fang)法來確定此(ci)條款，則(ze)合(he)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)存在(zai)不(bu)受此(ci)后發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)下列情(qing)況的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響:
(2) The existence of the contract is not affected by the fact that subsequently
(a)當事人各方未就該條款達成協議;或
(b)第三人未確定此條款。
(b) the third person does not determine the term, provided that there is an alternative means of rendering the term definite that is reasonable in the circumstances, having regard to the intention of the parties.
第2.1.15條 惡意談判
(1)當事(shi)人可自由進行談判，并對未達成協議不(bu)承(cheng)擔責任;
(1) A party is free to negotiate and is not liable for failure to reach an agreement.
(2)但是，一方(fang)(fang)當事人如果(guo)惡(e)意進行談判或惡(e)意終止談判，則該方(fang)(fang)當事人應(ying)對因此給另一方(fang)(fang)當事人所造成的(de)損失承擔責任;
(2) However, a party who negotiates or breaks off negotiations in bad faith is liable for the losses caused to the other party.
(3)惡意，特別是(shi)指(zhi)一(yi)方當事人在無意與對方達成協議(yi)的情況下，開始或繼續進(jin)行談判。
(3) It is bad faith, in particular, for a party to enter into or continue negotiations when intending not to reach an agreement with the other party.
第2.1.16條 保密義務
在談判過程中，一方(fang)(fang)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)以保(bao)密性質(zhi)提供的信息(xi)，無論此(ci)后是否達成合同(tong)，另一方(fang)(fang)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)有義(yi)務(wu)不(bu)予(yu)泄(xie)露，也(ye)不(bu)得為自己的目的不(bu)適當(dang)(dang)地使(shi)用(yong)這(zhe)些信息(xi)。在適當(dang)(dang)的情況下(xia)，違(wei)反該義(yi)務(wu)的救濟可以包括根(gen)據另一方(fang)(fang)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)泄(xie)露該信息(xi)所獲(huo)得之(zhi)利益(yi)予(yu)以賠償(chang)。
Where information is given as confidential by one party in the course of negotiations, the other party is under a duty not to disclose that information or to use it improperly for its own purposes, whether or not a contract is subsequently concluded. Where appropriate, the remedy for breach of that duty may include compensation based on the benefit received by the other party.
第2.1.17條 合并條款
若一(yi)(yi)個書(shu)面合(he)(he)同中載有的(de)一(yi)(yi)項(xiang)條款(kuan)表明該(gai)(gai)合(he)(he)同包含了各(ge)方當事人已達成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)致的(de)全部條款(kuan)，則(ze)此前存在的(de)任何陳述或(huo)協議不(bu)能被(bei)用作證據對抗(kang)或(huo)補充該(gai)(gai)合(he)(he)同。但是，這些陳述或(huo)協議可用于解釋該(gai)(gai)書(shu)面合(he)(he)同。
A contract in writing which contains a clause indicating that the writing completely embodies the terms on which the parties have agreed cannot be contradicted or supplemented by evidence of prior statements or agreements. However, such statements or agreements may be used to interpret the writing.
第2.1.18條 特定形式修改
如果書面合(he)同(tong)中載(zai)有的一(yi)項條款要求合(he)同(tong)的任(ren)何修改或終止必須以特定形(xing)式(shi)做出(chu)，則(ze)該合(he)同(tong)不得以其他形(xing)式(shi)修改或終止。但是(shi)，在一(yi)方(fang)當(dang)事人的行為(wei)使另一(yi)方(fang)當(dang)事人產生信賴并依此行事的限度(du)內，則(ze)該一(yi)方(fang)當(dang)事人因其行為(wei)可(ke)被拒絕主張(zhang)本條款。
A contract in writing which contains a clause requiring any modification or termination by agreement to be in a particular form may not be otherwise modified or terminated. However, a party may be precluded by its conduct from asserting such a clause to the extent that the other party has reasonably acted in reliance on that conduct.
第2.1.19條 按標準條款訂立合同 ARTICLE 2.1.19
(1)一(yi)(yi)方或雙方當事人使用標(biao)準條款訂(ding)立(li)合同，適用訂(ding)立(li)合同的一(yi)(yi)般規則，但應(ying)受(shou)本章第(di)2.1.20條至第(di)2.1.22條的約束。
(1) Where one party or both parties use standard terms in concluding a contract, the general rules on formation apply, subject to Articles 2.1.20 - 2.1.22.
(2)標準(zhun)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)是指一方(fang)(fang)為(wei)通常和重復(fu)使用的目(mu)的而預先準(zhun)備的條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)， 并在(zai)實際使用時(shi)未與(yu)對方(fang)(fang)談判。
(2) Standard terms are provisions which are prepared in advance for general and repeated use by one party and which are actually used without negotiation with the other party.
第2.1.20條 意外條款
(1)如果(guo)標準(zhun)條(tiao)款(kuan)中含有(you)另一方當事人不能合理預見性質的條(tiao)款(kuan)，則(ze)該條(tiao)款(kuan)無(wu)效，除非(fei)對方明示地表示接(jie)受;
(1) No term contained in standard terms which is of such a character that the other party could not reasonably have expected it, is effective unless it has been expressly accepted by that party.
(2)在確定某一條款(kuan)(kuan)是否屬(shu)于這種(zhong)性質時，應(ying)考(kao)慮到(dao)該(gai)條款(kuan)(kuan)的內容、語言和表達方式。
(2) In determining whether a term is of such a character regard shall be had to its content, language and presentation.
第2.1.21條 標準條款與非標準條款的沖突
ARTICLE 2.1.21 Conflict between standard terms and non-standard terms
若標(biao)準(zhun)條款與非標(biao)準(zhun)條款發生沖突，以(yi)非標(biao)準(zhun)條款為準(zhun)。
In case of conflict between a standard term and a term which is not a standard term the latter prevails.
第2.1.22條 格式合同之爭
在雙方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)(shi)人均使用標準條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)款的情況下，如果雙方(fang)對除(chu)標準條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)款以(yi)外的條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)款達成(cheng)一(yi)致，則合同(tong)(tong)應根(gen)據已(yi)達成(cheng)一(yi)致的條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)款以(yi)及在實(shi)體內容上相同(tong)(tong)的標準條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)款訂(ding)立，除(chu)非一(yi)方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)(shi)人已(yi)事(shi)(shi)先明確表示(shi)或(huo)事(shi)(shi)后毫不(bu)遲延地通知另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)(shi)人其不(bu)愿受這種合同(tong)(tong)的約束。
Where both parties use standard terms and reach agreement except on those terms, a contract is concluded on the basis of the agreed terms and of any standard terms which are common in substance unless one party clearly indicates in advance, or later and without undue delay informs the other party, that it does not intend to be bound by such a contract.
第二節 代理人的權限SECTION 2: AUTHORITY OF AGENTS
第2.2.1條 本節的范圍
(1)本節調整某人(ren)(代(dai)(dai)理人(ren))通過(guo)與第(di)三(san)方之(zhi)間的(de)一項合同的(de)訂立或相關事(shi)項，影(ying)響另(ling)一人(ren)(本人(ren))法(fa)律關系的(de)權限，而不論(lun)代(dai)(dai)理人(ren)是以自己(ji)的(de)名義還是以本人(ren)的(de)名義行事(shi)。
(1) This Section governs the authority of a person(“the agent”), to affect the legal relations of another person(“the principal”), by or with respect to a contract with a third party, whether the agent acts in its own name or in that of the principal.
(2)本節僅調(diao)整以本人或代理人為(wei)一(yi)方當事(shi)人，以第三方為(wei)另一(yi)方當事(shi)人之間的(de)關系。
(2) It governs only the relations between the principal or the agent on the one hand, and the third party on the other.
(3)本節(jie)并不(bu)調整由法律賦予代(dai)理(li)人的權(quan)(quan)限，或由公共或司(si)法機(ji)構指定的代(dai)理(li)人的權(quan)(quan)限。
(3) It does not govern an agent’s authority conferred by law or the authority of an agent appointed by a public or judicial authority.
第2.2.2條(tiao) 代(dai)理人權限的確(que)立和范(fan)圍
ARTICLE 2.2.2 Establishment and scope of the authority of the agent
(1)本人授予代理人的(de)權限既可以(yi)是明示的(de)也可以(yi)是默(mo)示的(de)。
(1) The principal’s grant of authority to an agent may be express or implied.
(2)代理人為實現授權之目的，有權采取所有必要的行為。
(2) The agent has authority to perform all acts necessary in the circumstances to achieve the purposes for which the authority was granted.
第2.2.3條 顯名代理
(1)如當代理人(ren)(ren)在其(qi)權限范圍內行事，且第三方(fang)已(yi)知或應知其(qi)以代理身份行事，代理人(ren)(ren)的行為將直接影響本人(ren)(ren)和第三方(fang)之(zhi)間(jian)的法律(lv)(lv)關系(xi)，而(er)在代理人(ren)(ren)和第三方(fang)之(zhi)間(jian)不創設任(ren)何(he)法律(lv)(lv)關系(xi)。
(1) Where an agent acts within the scope of its authority and the third party knew or ought to have known that the agent was acting as an agent, the acts of the agent shall directly affect the legal relations between the principal and the third party and no legal relation is created between the agent and the third party.
(2)但是，當代(dai)理(li)(li)人(ren)經本人(ren)同意成為合同一方時，則代(dai)理(li)(li)人(ren)的行為應僅影響代(dai)理(li)(li)人(ren)和(he)第三方之間的關系(xi)。
(2) However, the acts of the agent shall affect only the relations between the agent and the third party, where the agent with the consent of the principal undertakes to become the party to the contract.
第2.2.4條 隱名代理
(1)當代(dai)理(li)人(ren)(ren)在其(qi)權限(xian)范圍內行事，但第三方既不(bu)知道(dao)也不(bu)應知道(dao)代(dai)理(li)人(ren)(ren)是(shi)作為代(dai)理(li)人(ren)(ren)行事時，則代(dai)理(li)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)行為將僅影(ying)響代(dai)理(li)人(ren)(ren)與第三方之間(jian)的(de)(de)關系。
(1) Where an agent acts within the scope of its authority and the third party neither knew nor ought to have known that the agent was acting as an agent, the acts of the agent shall affect only the relations between the agent and the third party.
(2)然而，代理(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)當代表(biao)一個商業(ye)與第三方達成合同時(shi)，聲稱是該商業(ye)的(de)所有人(ren)(ren)，則第三方在(zai)發現該商業(ye)的(de)真(zhen)實所有者(zhe)后(hou)，可以向(xiang)后(hou)者(zhe)行使其(qi)對代理(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)的(de)權利(li)。
(2) However, where such an agent, when contracting with the third party on behalf of a business, represents itself to be the owner of that business, the third party, upon discovery of the real owner of the business, may exercise also against the latter the rights it has against the agent.
第2.2.5條 代理人無權或越權行事
ARTICLE 2.2.5 Agent acting without or exceeding its authority
(1)代(dai)理人(ren)沒(mei)有代(dai)理權或(huo)超越(yue)代(dai)理權行(xing)事時，其行(xing)為不影(ying)響委托人(ren)和第三方之間(jian)的(de)法律關(guan)系(xi)。
(1) Where an agent acts without authority or exceeds its authority, its acts do not affect the legal relations between the principal and the third party.
(2)但是，當本(ben)人(ren)(ren)造(zao)成第三(san)(san)方合(he)理(li)地認為代(dai)理(li)人(ren)(ren)有權代(dai)表(biao)本(ben)人(ren)(ren)行事(shi)，且代(dai)理(li)人(ren)(ren)是在該權限范圍(wei)內行事(shi)時，則本(ben)人(ren)(ren)不得以代(dai)理(li)人(ren)(ren)無代(dai)理(li)權為由對抗第三(san)(san)方。
(2) However, where the principal causes the third party reasonably to believe that the agent has authority to act on behalf of the principal and that the agent is acting within the scope of that authority, the principal may not invoke against the third party the lack of authority of the agent.
第(di)2.2.6條 代理人無權(quan)或越權(quan)行(xing)事(shi)的責任
(1)沒有代(dai)(dai)理權或超越代(dai)(dai)理權行事(shi)的代(dai)(dai)理人(ren)，如未經本人(ren)追認，則應(ying)對第(di)三人(ren)承(cheng)擔(dan)將其恢復(fu)至如同(tong)代(dai)(dai)理人(ren)有代(dai)(dai)理權或未超越代(dai)(dai)理權行事(shi)時第(di)三方應(ying)處的同(tong)等(deng)狀況的責任。
(1) An agent that acts without authority or exceeds its authority is, failing ratification by the principal, liable for damages that will place the third party in the same position as if the agent had acted with authority and not exceeded its authority.
(2)但是，如果第(di)三方已知或應知代(dai)理(li)人沒有代(dai)理(li)權或超越代(dai)理(li)權，則代(dai)理(li)人不承(cheng)擔責任。
(2) However, the agent is not liable if the third party knew or ought to have known that the agent had no authority or was exceeding its authority.
第2.2.7條 利益沖突
(1)如果代理人締結的(de)合(he)(he)同涉及到代理人與本人存在利(li)益沖突，而且第三(san)方(fang)已知或應知這(zhe)一情(qing)況(kuang)，則本人可主張(zhang)合(he)(he)同無效。主張(zhang)無效的(de)權利(li)由第3.12條(tiao)和第3.14條(tiao)至第3.17條(tiao)調整。
(1) If a contract concluded by an agent involves the agent in a conflict of interests with the principal of which the third party knew or ought to have known, the principal may avoid the contract. The right to avoid is subject to Articles 3.12 and 3.14 to 3.17.
(2)但是，本人在以下情(qing)況不(bu)得主張合同無效:
(2) However, the principal may not avoid the contract
(a)本人已經同意(yi)，或已知或應知代(dai)理人涉及利益沖突;或
(a) if the principal had consented to, or knew or ought to have known of, the agent’s involvement in the conflict of interests; or
(b)代(dai)理人已(yi)經披露(lu)與本人的利益沖突，但本人在合理時間(jian)內并未提出反(fan)對。
(b) if the agent had disclosed the conflict of interests to the principal and the latter had not objected within a reasonable time.
第2.2.8條 次代理
代理人(ren)有指定(ding)次代理人(ren)履行(xing)那些非(fei)合(he)理預期(qi)代理人(ren)本身履行(xing)的(de)行(xing)為的(de)默示權力。本節的(de)規則適(shi)用(yong)于次代理。
An agent has implied authority to appoint a sub-agent to perform acts which it is not reasonable to expect the agent to perform itself. The rules of this Section apply to the sub-agency.
第2.2.9條 追認
(1)代理(li)人沒(mei)有代理(li)權(quan)或超越代理(li)權(quan)的(de)行為(wei)可由本人追認。經追認的(de)行為(wei)如同(tong)代理(li)人自(zi)始就依代理(li)權(quan)行事產生同(tong)樣的(de)效(xiao)力。
(1) An act by an agent that acts without authority or exceeds its authority may be ratified by the principal. On ratification the act produces the same effects as if it had initially been carried out with authority.
(2)第三方可以通知本人(ren)(ren)在一(yi)段合理的(de)時間內追(zhui)認(ren)。本人(ren)(ren)如未在該時間內追(zhui)認(ren)，則不能再予(yu)追(zhui)認(ren)。
(2) The third party may by notice to the principal specify a reasonable period of time for ratification. If the principal does not ratify within that period of time it can no longer do so.
(3)如(ru)果在(zai)代理人(ren)行事時，第三方(fang)(fang)既不知(zhi)也不應知(zhi)代理人(ren)無權代理，則(ze)第三方(fang)(fang)可在(zai)本人(ren)追(zhui)認前，隨時通知(zhi)本人(ren)表示拒絕(jue)受追(zhui)認的約束。
(3) If, at the time of the agent’s act, the third party neither knew nor ought to have known of the lack of authority, it may, at any time before ratification, by notice to the principal indicate its refusal to become bound by a ratification.
第2.2.10條 代理權終止 ARTICLE 2.2.10
(1)代理權的終(zhong)止對(dui)第三方不產生效力(li)，除非第三方已知或應知這一情況。
(1) Termination of authority is not effective in relation to the third party unless the third party knew or ought to have known of it.
(2)盡(jin)管代理(li)權終止，但代理(li)人(ren)仍(reng)有權為(wei)防止損害本人(ren)利益(yi)采(cai)取(qu)必 要的行為(wei)。
(2) Notwithstanding the termination of its authority, an agent remains authorised to perform the acts that are necessary to prevent harm to the principal’s interests.
第三章 合同的效(xiao)力CHAPTER 3 — VALIDITY
第3.1條 未(wei)涉及(ji)事項(xiang) ARTICLE 3.1(Matters not covered)
通(tong)則不處理(li)由以下原(yuan)因而(er)導(dao)致(zhi)的合(he)同無效:
These Principles do not deal with invalidity arising from
(a)無(wu)行為能(neng)力;(a) lack of capacity;
(b)不道(dao)德或非法。(b) immorality or illegality.
第3.2條 協議的效力
合同僅由(you)雙方的協議訂(ding)立、修(xiu)改或(huo)終止，除此別無其他要求。
A contract is concluded, modified or terminated by the mere agreement of the parties, without any further requirement.
第3.3條 自始不能
(1)合同訂立時不(bu)能履行所承擔之義務的事實本身，不(bu)影(ying)響(xiang)合同的效(xiao)力。
(1) The mere fact that at the time of the conclusion of the contract the performance of the obligation assumed was impossible does not affect the validity of the contract.
(2)合同(tong)(tong)訂(ding)立時(shi)一方當事(shi)人無權處置與該合同(tong)(tong)相關聯(lian)之(zhi)財產的事(shi)實本身，不影響合同(tong)(tong)的效力。
(2) The mere fact that at the time of the conclusion of the contract a party was not entitled to dispose of the assets to which the contract relates does not affect the validity of the contract.
第3.4條 錯誤的定義
錯(cuo)誤(wu)是(shi)指(zhi)對合(he)同訂(ding)立時已經存在的事實(shi)或(huo)法律所做的不正(zheng)確的假設。
Mistake is an erroneous assumption relating to facts or to law existing when the contract was concluded.
第3.5條 相關錯誤
(1)一(yi)方當事人可(ke)因(yin)錯誤(wu)而宣告合(he)(he)(he)同無(wu)效，此錯誤(wu)在訂立合(he)(he)(he)同時(shi)如(ru)此之重大(da)，以至于一(yi)個通(tong)情達理(li)的人處在與犯錯誤(wu)之當事人的相同情況之下，如(ru)果(guo)知道事實真(zhen)相，就會按實質不同的條款訂立合(he)(he)(he)同，或根(gen)本不會訂立合(he)(he)(he)同，并且
(1) A party may only avoid the contract for mistake if, when the contract was concluded, the mistake was of such importance that a reasonable person in the same situation as the party in error would only have concluded the contract on materially different terms or would not have concluded it at all if the true state of affairs had been known, and
(a)另(ling)一(yi)方當(dang)(dang)事人犯了相同的(de)錯(cuo)(cuo)誤，或造成如此(ci)錯(cuo)(cuo)誤，或者(zhe)另(ling)一(yi)方當(dang)(dang)事人知道或理(li)(li)應(ying)知道該錯(cuo)(cuo)誤，但卻有悖于(yu)(yu)公平交易的(de)合理(li)(li)商業標準，使(shi)錯(cuo)(cuo)誤方一(yi)直(zhi)處于(yu)(yu)錯(cuo)(cuo)誤狀態(tai)之中;或者(zhe)
(a) the other party made the same mistake, or caused the mistake, or knew or ought to have known of the mistake and it was contrary to reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing to leave the mistaken party in error; or
(b)在宣告(gao)合同(tong)無效時，另一方(fang)當事(shi)人尚未依其對合同(tong)的信賴而(er)行事(shi)。
(b) the other party had not at the time of avoidance reasonably acted in reliance on the contract.
(2)但是，一方當事人(ren)不能宣告合同(tong)無效，如果
(2) However, a party may not avoid the contract if
(a)該當(dang)事人由于(yu)重大(da)疏忽而犯此錯誤;或者
(a) it was grossly negligent in committing the mistake; or
(b)錯(cuo)誤與(yu)某(mou)事實(shi)(shi)相關(guan)聯，而對于(yu)該(gai)事實(shi)(shi)發生錯(cuo)誤的風險(xian)已被設(she)想到，或者考慮到相關(guan)情況，該(gai)錯(cuo)誤的風險(xian)應(ying)當由錯(cuo)誤方承擔(dan)。
(b) the mistake relates to a matter in regard to which the risk of mistake was assumed or, having regard to the circumstances, should be borne by the mistaken party.
第3.6條 表述或傳達中的錯誤
在表述或傳達一項聲(sheng)明過程(cheng)中發(fa)生的錯(cuo)(cuo)誤應視(shi)為做出該(gai)聲(sheng)明之人的錯(cuo)(cuo)誤。
An error occurring in the expression or transmission of a declaration is considered to be a mistake of the person from whom the declaration emanated.
第3.7條 對不履行的救濟 ARTICLE 3.7 Remedies for non-performance
一方當事人(ren)(ren)無(wu)權(quan)因錯(cuo)誤宣(xuan)告合同無(wu)效，如果該方當事人(ren)(ren)所依賴的情況表明(ming)對不履行可以或本(ben)來可以提(ti)供救濟。
A party is not entitled to avoid the contract on the ground of mistake if the circumstances on which that party relies afford, or could have afforded, a remedy for non-performance.
第3.8條 欺詐
一方當事(shi)人可宣告合(he)同無效，如果其訂立合(he)同是(shi)基于另(ling)一方當事(shi)人的(de)(de)欺詐(zha)性(xing)陳述，包(bao)括(kuo)欺詐(zha)性(xing)的(de)(de)語(yu)言或做法，或按照公(gong)平交易的(de)(de)合(he)理商(shang)業標準(zhun)，該另(ling)一方當事(shi)人對(dui)應予披(pi)露的(de)(de)情況欺詐(zha)性(xing)地未予披(pi)露。
A party may avoid the contract when it has been led to conclude the contract by the other party’s fraudulent representation, including language or practices, or fraudulent non-disclosure of circumstances which, according to reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing, the latter party should have disclosed.
第3.9條 脅迫
一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)人可(ke)宣(xuan)告合同無(wu)效，如果(guo)其合同的(de)訂(ding)立是(shi)因另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)人的(de)不(bu)正(zheng)當(dang)(dang)之脅(xie)迫(po)(po)，而且考慮到在(zai)各種情(qing)況下，該脅(xie)迫(po)(po)如此急迫(po)(po)、嚴重到足以使(shi)(shi)第一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)人無(wu)其他(ta)合理選擇。尤其是(shi)當(dang)(dang)使(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)人受到脅(xie)迫(po)(po)的(de)作為(wei)(wei)或不(bu)作為(wei)(wei)本身屬非法(fa)，或者以其作為(wei)(wei)手(shou)段來獲取合同的(de)訂(ding)立屬非法(fa)時，均為(wei)(wei)不(bu)正(zheng)當(dang)(dang)的(de)脅(xie)迫(po)(po)。
A party may avoid the contract when it has been led to conclude the contract by the other party’s unjustified threat which, having regard to the circumstances, is so imminent and serious as to leave the first party no reasonable alternative. In particular, a threat is unjustified if the act or omission with which a party has been threatened is wrongful in itself, or it is wrongful to use it as a means to obtain the conclusion of the contract.
第3.10條 重大失衡
(1)在訂立合同(tong)(tong)時，合同(tong)(tong)或其個(ge)別條(tiao)款不合理地對(dui)另一(yi)方(fang)當事人過分(fen)有利(li)，則一(yi)方(fang)當事人可宣告該(gai)合同(tong)(tong)或該(gai)個(ge)別條(tiao)款無(wu)效。除(chu)其他因素外(wai)，尚應(ying)考慮下(xia)列各項:
(1) A party may avoid the contract or an individual term of it if, at the time of the conclusion of the contract, the contract or term unjustifiably gave the other party an excessive advantage. Regard is to be had, among other factors, to
(a)該另一方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)不公平地(di)利用了(le)對方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)的依賴、經(jing)濟困境或(huo)(huo)緊急需要，或(huo)(huo)不正(zheng)當(dang)地(di)利用了(le)對方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)的缺乏(fa)遠(yuan)見、無知、無經(jing)驗或(huo)(huo)缺乏(fa)談判技(ji)巧的事(shi)實，以及(ji)
(a) the fact that the other party has taken unfair advantage of the first party’s dependence, economic distress or urgent needs, or of its improvidence, ignorance, inexperience or lack of bargaining skill, and
(b)合同的性(xing)質和目的。(b) the nature and purpose of the contract.
(2)依(yi)有(you)權宣告合(he)(he)同無效的一(yi)方(fang)當(dang)事人的請求,法(fa)院可以(yi)修改該合(he)(he)同或其條款，以(yi)使其符合(he)(he)公平交易(yi)的合(he)(he)理的商業標準。
(2) Upon the request of the party entitled to avoidance, a court may adapt the contract or term in order to make it accord with reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing.
(3)依收到(dao)(dao)宣(xuan)告合同無效(xiao)通(tong)知的(de)一(yi)方當(dang)事人(ren)的(de)請(qing)求，法(fa)院亦可修改合同或(huo)其條款(kuan)，只要該方當(dang)事人(ren)在收到(dao)(dao)此項(xiang)通(tong)知后(hou)，且在對方當(dang)事人(ren)依據(ju)該項(xiang)通(tong)知行事前(qian)，立即(ji)將其請(qing)求告知對方當(dang)事人(ren)。本章(zhang)第(di)3.13條第(di)(2)款(kuan)的(de)規定此時應予(yu)適用(yong)。
(3) A court may also adapt the contract or term upon the request of the party receiving notice of avoidance, provided that that party informs the other party of its request promptly after receiving such notice and before the other party has reasonably acted in reliance on it. The provisions of Article 3.13(2) apply accordingly.
第3.11條 第三人
(1)如果欺詐、脅(xie)迫(po)、重大失衡(heng)或一(yi)方(fang)當事(shi)人的錯(cuo)誤可歸因(yin)于第三(san)(san)人，或者該第三(san)(san)人知道或應當知道這(zhe)些情(qing)況(kuang)，而(er)該第三(san)(san)人的行為由另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)當事(shi)人負責，則可按該另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)當事(shi)人本身所(suo)做行為或所(suo)知曉的相同(tong)(tong)條件，宣告該合(he)同(tong)(tong)無效。
(1) Where fraud, threat, gross disparity or a party’s mistake is imputable to, or is known or ought to be known by, a third person for whose acts the other party is responsible, the contract may be avoided under the same conditions as if the behaviour or knowledge had been that of the party itself.
(2)如果欺詐、脅迫(po)或(huo)重大失衡(heng)可歸因于第三人(ren)，而該(gai)(gai)第三人(ren)的(de)行為(wei)不由另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)當事人(ren)負責，在該(gai)(gai)另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)當事人(ren)知(zhi)道或(huo)理應知(zhi)道此欺詐、脅迫(po)或(huo)重大失衡(heng)，或(huo)在宣(xuan)告合(he)同無效時(shi)尚未按照(zhao)對(dui)該(gai)(gai)合(he)同的(de)信(xin)賴(lai)而行事的(de)情況(kuang)下，則(ze)該(gai)(gai)合(he)同可被宣(xuan)告無效。
(2) Where fraud, threat or gross disparity is imputable to a third person for whose acts the other party is not responsible, the contract may be avoided if that party knew or ought to have known of the fraud, threat or disparity, or has not at the time of avoidance reasonably acted in reliance on the contract.
第3.12條 確認
有(you)權(quan)宣告(gao)合(he)同(tong)(tong)無效的一方當事人如果在發出合(he)同(tong)(tong)無效通知的期間開始后，又明示(shi)或默示(shi)地確認(ren)合(he)同(tong)(tong)，則(ze)該方當事人不得再宣告(gao)合(he)同(tong)(tong)無效。
If the party entitled to avoid the contract expressly or impliedly confirms the contract after the period of time for giving notice of avoidance has begun to run, avoidance of the contract is excluded.
第3.13條 喪失宣告合同無效的權利
(1)如(ru)果一(yi)方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)有(you)權因錯誤宣(xuan)告(gao)合(he)同(tong)(tong)無(wu)效，而另一(yi)方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)聲(sheng)明他將愿(yuan)意按(an)或已(yi)按(an)有(you)權宣(xuan)告(gao)合(he)同(tong)(tong)無(wu)效的(de)(de)一(yi)方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)對合(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)理(li)解履(lv)行合(he)同(tong)(tong)，則該(gai)合(he)同(tong)(tong)應視為(wei)按(an)照該(gai)一(yi)方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)的(de)(de)理(li)解已(yi)經訂立。該(gai)另一(yi)方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)在收到有(you)權宣(xuan)告(gao)合(he)同(tong)(tong)無(wu)效的(de)(de)一(yi)方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)對合(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)理(li)解方(fang)式(shi)的(de)(de)通(tong)知后，而且在該(gai)一(yi)方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)依據宣(xuan)告(gao)合(he)同(tong)(tong)無(wu)效通(tong)知合(he)理(li)行事(shi)之(zhi)前(qian)，必須立即做出(chu)此種聲(sheng)明或進行此種履(lv)行。
(1) If a party is entitled to avoid the contract for mistake but the other party declares itself willing to perform or performs the contract as it was understood by the party entitled to avoidance, the contract is considered to have been concluded as the latter party understood it. The other party must make such a declaration or render such performance promptly after having been informed of the manner in which the party entitled to avoidance had understood the contract and before that party has reasonably acted in reliance on a notice of avoidance.
(2)在做出此種聲明或履行之后(hou)，宣(xuan)告合同無效的權利即行喪(sang)失(shi)，任何(he)以前(qian)宣(xuan)告合同無效的通(tong)知(zhi)均喪(sang)失(shi)效力(li)。
(2) After such a declaration or performance the right to avoidance is lost and any earlier notice of avoidance is ineffective.
第3.14條 宣告合同無效的通知
一(yi)方當事人通過(guo)向另一(yi)方當事人發出通知行使其(qi)宣(xuan)告(gao)合同無效(xiao)的權利。
The right of a party to avoid the contract is exercised by notice to the other party.
第3.15條 時間期限
(1)考慮(lv)到各(ge)種(zhong)情況，宣(xuan)告合(he)同無效的(de)通知，應在宣(xuan)告合(he)同無效的(de)一(yi)方當事(shi)人(ren)已知或不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)能不(bu)(bu)知道有(you)關事(shi)實(shi)或者在其可(ke)(ke)以自由行事(shi)之后的(de)一(yi)段合(he)理時間(jian)內(nei)做出。
(1) Notice of avoidance shall be given within a reasonable time, having regard to the circumstances, after the avoiding party knew or could not have been unaware of the relevant facts or became capable of acting freely.
(2)如果(guo)一方當(dang)事(shi)人根據第3.10條的(de)規定有權宣告(gao)(gao)合(he)同(tong)中的(de)個別條款無效(xiao)，則宣告(gao)(gao)合(he)同(tong)無效(xiao)通知的(de)期限自另一方當(dang)事(shi)人堅持該條款之時(shi)開始。
(2) Where an individual term of the contract may be avoided by a party under Article 3.10, the period of time for giving notice of avoidance begins to run when that term is asserted by the other party.
第3.16條 部分無效
如果宣告合(he)同(tong)(tong)無(wu)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)由(you)僅影響合(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)個別條款(kuan)，則宣告合(he)同(tong)(tong)無(wu)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)效力(li)僅限于這些條款(kuan)，除非考慮到各種情(qing)況，維持(chi)合(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)其余(yu)部分(fen)是不合(he)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。
Where a ground of avoidance affects only individual terms of the contract, the effect of avoidance is limited to those terms unless, having regard to the circumstances, it is unreasonable to uphold the remaining contract.
第3.17條 宣告合同無效的追溯力
(1)宣(xuan)告合(he)同(tong)無效具有追溯力。(1) Avoidance takes effect retroactively.
(2)宣(xuan)告合同(tong)(tong)無效(xiao)后(hou)，任何(he)一(yi)(yi)方當事(shi)(shi)人(ren)可要(yao)求返還(huan)其依據(ju)已被宣(xuan)告無效(xiao)的合同(tong)(tong)或(huo)部分合同(tong)(tong)所提(ti)供(gong)的一(yi)(yi)切，但要(yao)以該方當事(shi)(shi)人(ren)也同(tong)(tong)時返還(huan)其依據(ju)已被宣(xuan)告無效(xiao)的合同(tong)(tong)或(huo)部分合同(tong)(tong)所得到的一(yi)(yi)切為條件，或(huo)者如雖不能返還(huan)實物(wu)，但對其所得之物(wu)給予補償。
(2) On avoidance either party may claim restitution of whatever it has supplied under the contract or the part of it avoided, provided that it concurrently makes restitution of whatever it has received under the contract or the part of it avoided or, if it cannot make restitution in kind, it makes an allowance for what it has received.
第3.18條 損害賠償
無(wu)論(lun)是否宣(xuan)告合(he)同無(wu)效，已知或理應知道合(he)同無(wu)效理由的(de)一(yi)方當事人應承擔損害賠償(chang)的(de)責任，以使另一(yi)方當事人處(chu)于如同其(qi)未訂立合(he)同的(de)地位(wei)。
Irrespective of whether or not the contract has been avoided, the party who knew or ought to have known of the ground for avoidance is liable for damages so as to put the other party in the same position in which it would have been if it had not concluded the contract.
第3.19條 本章條款的強制性
本章(zhang)的各項規(gui)定具有(you)強(qiang)制性，但那(nei)些有(you)關協議的約束力、自始不(bu)能或錯誤的規(gui)定除(chu)外。
The provisions of this Chapter are mandatory, except insofar as they relate to the binding force of mere agreement, initial impossibility or mistake.
第3.20條 單方聲明
本章各項規(gui)定在適當(dang)修改后，適用于一(yi)方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)向另一(yi)方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)傳(chuan)達的任何意思(si)表示。
The provisions of this Chapter apply with appropriate adaptations to any communication of intention addressed by one party to the other.
Principles of International Commercial Contracts
國際統一私法協會國際商事合同通則
簡介(jie)：《國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)商(shang)事(shi)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)通(tong)則》（Principles of International Commercial Contracts，簡稱(cheng)PICC）是(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)私法協會1994年(nian)編撰(zhuan)的，2004年(nian)做了大的修訂。它是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)部具(ju)有現代性(xing)、廣泛(fan)代表性(xing)、權威(wei)性(xing)與(yu)實(shi)用性(xing)的商(shang)事(shi)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)法。它可(ke)為各(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)立法參考，為司法、仲裁所(suo)適用，是(shi)(shi)起草合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)、談判的工具(ju)，也是(shi)(shi)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)法教學的參考書(shu)。《國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)商(shang)事(shi)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)通(tong)則》旨在為國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)商(shang)事(shi)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)制定(ding)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般規(gui)則，在當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)約定(ding)其合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)受(shou)《國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)商(shang)事(shi)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)通(tong)則》管(guan)(guan)轄時(shi)，應適用《國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)商(shang)事(shi)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)通(tong)則》；在當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)約定(ding)其合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)適用法律的一(yi)(yi)(yi)般原則、商(shang)人(ren)(ren)習慣法或(huo)類(lei)似措辭(ci)時(shi)，可(ke)適用《國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)商(shang)事(shi)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)通(tong)則》；在當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)未選擇任何法律管(guan)(guan)轄其合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)，可(ke)適用《國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)商(shang)事(shi)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)通(tong)則》；《國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)商(shang)事(shi)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)通(tong)則》可(ke)用于解釋(shi)或(huo)補(bu)充國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)法文件；《國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)商(shang)事(shi)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)通(tong)則》可(ke)用于解釋(shi)或(huo)補(bu)充國(guo)(guo)(guo)內法；《國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)商(shang)事(shi)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)通(tong)則》也可(ke)作為國(guo)(guo)(guo)內和國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)立法的范本(ben)。
第一章 總則GENERAL PROVISIONS
第1.1條締約自由
第1.2條無形式要求
第1.3條合同的約束性
第1.4條 強制性規則 ARTICLE 1.4Mandatory rules
第1.5條 當事人的排除或修改
第1.6條 通則(ze)的(de)解(jie)釋和(he)補充 ARTICLE 1.6 Interpretation and supplementation of the Principles
第1.7條(tiao) 誠實信用(yong)和(he)公平交(jiao)易 ARTICLE 1.7 Good faith and fair dealing
第(di)1.8條 不(bu)一(yi)致行(xing)為 ARTICLE 1.8 Inconsistent Behaviour
第1.9條 慣例和習慣做法 ARTICLE 1.9 Usages and practices
第(di)1.10條 通知 ARTICLE 1.10 Notice
第1.11條 定義 ARTICLE 1.11 Definitions
第(di)1.12條 當(dang)事(shi)人規定的時(shi)間的計算(suan) ARTICLE 1.12 Computation of time set by parties
第二(er)章 合同(tong)的(de)訂立與代理人的(de)權限
CHAPTER 2 — FORMATION AND AUTHORITY OF AGENTS
第(di)一節 合同的訂立(li)SECTION 1: FORMATION
第2.1.1條 訂立的形式
第2.1.2條 要約的定義
第2.1.3條 要約的撤回
第2.1.4條 要約的撤銷
第2.1.5條 要約的拒絕
第2.1.6條 承諾的方式
第2.1.7條 承諾的時間
第2.1.8條 規定期限內的承諾
第2.1.9條 逾期承諾與傳遞遲延
第2.1.10條 承諾的撤回
第2.1.11條 變更的承諾
第2.1.12條 書面確認
第2.1.13條合同的訂立基于對特定事項或特定形式的協議
第2.1.14條 特意待定的合同條款
第2.1.15條 惡意談判
第2.1.16條 保密義務
第2.1.17條 合并條款
第2.1.18條 特定形式修改
第2.1.19條 按標準條款訂立合同 ARTICLE 2.1.19
第2.1.20條 意外條款
第2.1.21條 標準條款與非標準條款的沖突
ARTICLE 2.1.21 Conflict between standard terms and non-standard terms
第2.1.22條 格式合同之爭
第(di)二節 代理人的(de)權限SECTION 2: AUTHORITY OF AGENTS
第2.2.1條 本節的范圍
第2.2.2條 代理人權限的(de)確立和范圍
ARTICLE 2.2.2 Establishment and scope of the authority of the agent
第2.2.3條 顯名代理
第2.2.4條 隱名代理
第2.2.5條 代理人無權或越權行事
ARTICLE 2.2.5 Agent acting without or exceeding its authority
第2.2.6條(tiao) 代理(li)人(ren)無(wu)權或越(yue)權行事的(de)責任(ren)
第2.2.7條 利益沖突
第2.2.8條 次代理
第2.2.9條 追認
第2.2.10條 代理權終止 ARTICLE 2.2.10
第三章 合(he)同的效力CHAPTER 3 — VALIDITY
第3.1條 未(wei)涉及事項 ARTICLE 3.1(Matters not covered)
第3.2條 協議的效力
第3.3條 自始不能
第3.4條 錯誤的定義
第3.5條 相關錯誤
第3.6條 表述或傳達中的錯誤
第3.7條 對不履(lv)行(xing)的救濟 ARTICLE 3.7 Remedies for non-performance
第3.8條 欺詐
第3.9條 脅迫
第3.10條 重大失衡
第3.11條 第三人
第3.12條 確認
第3.13條 喪失宣告合同無效的權利
第3.14條 宣告合同無效的通知
第3.15條 時間期限
第3.16條 部分無效
第3.17條 宣告合同無效的追溯力
第3.18條 損害賠償
第3.19條 本章條款的強制性
第3.20條 單方聲明
第四章 合(he)同的(de)解釋(shi)CHAPTER 4 — INTERPRETATION
第4.1條 當事人的意思
第4.2條 對(dui)陳述和其他行為的解釋
第4.3條 相關情況
第4.4條 合同或陳述作為整體考慮
ARTICLE 4.4 Reference to contract or statement as a whole
第4.5條 給予所有條款以效力
第4.6條 對條款提議人不利規則
第4.7條 語言差異
第4.8條 補充空缺條款
第五章(zhang) 合同(tong)的內容與第三方權利CHAPTER 5 — CONTENT AND THIRD PARTY RIGHTS
第一節 合同(tong)的內容SECTION 1: CONTENT
第5.1.1條 明示和默示的義務
第5.1.2條 默示的義務
第5.1.3條 事人之間的合作
第5.1.5條確定所涉義務的種類
第5.1.6條確定履行的質量
第5.1.7條 價格的確定
第5.1.8條 無固定期限的合同
第5.1.9條 通過協議放棄權利
第(di)(di)二節 第(di)(di)三方(fang)權(quan)利(li)SECTION 2: THIRD PARTY RIGHTS
第5.2.1條 第三方受益的合同
第5.2.2條 可確定的第三方
第5.2.3條 排除和限制條款
第5.2.4條 抗辯
第5.2.5條 撤銷
第5.2.6條 放棄權利
第六章 履行CHAPTER 6 — PERFORMANCE
第一(yi)節 履行的一(yi)般規(gui)定SECTION 1: PERFORMANCE IN GENERAL
第6.1.1條 履行時間
第6.1.2條 一次或分期履行
第6.1.4條 履行順序
第6.1.5條 提前履行
第6.1.6條 履行地
第6.1.7條 以支票或其他票據付款
第6.1.8條 轉賬支付
第6.1.9條 付款貨幣
第6.1.10條 未規定貨幣
第6.1.11條 履行費用
第6.1.12條 指定清償
第6.1.13條 非金錢債務的指定清償
ARTICLE 6.1.13 Imputation of non-monetary obligations
第6.1.14條 申請公共許可
第6.1.15條 申請許可的程序
第6.1.16條 許可既未獲批準又未遭拒絕
ARTICLE 6.1.16 Permission neither granted nor refused
第6.1.17條 拒絕許可
第二節:艱難情形SECTION 2: HARDSHIP
第6.2.1條 合同必須遵守
第6.2.2條 艱難情形的定義
第(di)七章 不履行CHAPTER 7 — NON-PERFORMANCE
第一節 不(bu)履行的一般規定SECTION 1: NON-PERFORMANCE IN GENERAL
第7.1.1條 不履行的定義
第7.1.2條
第7.1.3條 停止履行
第7.1.4條 不履行方的補救
第7.1.5條 履行的額外期間
第7.1.6條 免責條款
第7.1.7條 不可抗力
第二(er)節 要求履(lv)行(xing)的權利SECTION 2: RIGHT TO PERFORMANCE
第7.2.1條 金錢債務的履行
第7.2.2條 非金錢債務的履行
第7.2.3條 對瑕疵履行的修補和替換
ARTICLE 7.2.3 Repair and replacement of defective performance
第7.2.4條 法院判決的罰金
第7.2.5條 救濟的變更
第三節 合同的(de)終止SECTION 3: TERMINATION
第7.3.1條 終止合同的權利
第7.3.2條 終止通知
第7.3.3條 預期不履行
第7.3.4條 如約履行的充分保證
第7.3.5條 終止合同的一般效果
第7.3.6條 恢復原狀
第(di)四節 損害賠(pei)償SECTION 4: DAMAGES
第7.4.1條 損(sun)害(hai)賠償的權(quan)利 ARTICLE 7.4.1 Right to damages
第7.4.2條 賠償
第7.4.3條 損害的確定
第7.4.4條 損害的可預見性
第7.4.5條 存在替代交易情況時的損害證明
ARTICLE 7.4.5 Proof of harm in case of replacement transaction
第7.4.6條 依時價確定損害的證明
第7.4.7條 部分歸咎于受損害方的損害
第7.4.8條 損害的減輕
第7.4.9條 未付金錢債務的利息
第7.4.10條 損害賠償的利息
第7.4.11條 金錢賠償的方式
第7.4.12條 估算損害賠償金的貨幣
第7.4.13條 對不履行所約定的付款
第(di)八章 抵銷CHAPTER 8 — SET-OFF
第8.1條 抵銷的條件
第8.2條 外匯抵銷
第8.3條 抵銷通知
第8.4條 通知的內容
第8.5條 抵銷的效力
第九章 權(quan)利的轉(zhuan)讓(rang)、債務的轉(zhuan)移、合同的轉(zhuan)讓(rang)
CHAPTER 9 — ASSIGNMENT OF RIGHTS, TRANSFER OF OBLIGATIONS,
ASSIGNMENT OF CONTRACTS
第(di)一節 權(quan)利的轉讓SECTION 1: ASSIGNMENT OF RIGHTS
第9.1.1條 定義
第9.1.2條 排除適用
第9.1.3條 非金錢權利的轉讓
第9.1.4條 部分轉讓
第9.1.5條 未來權利
第9.1.6條 未(wei)逐一指明(ming)的(de)權利(li)的(de)轉讓
ARTICLE 9.1.6 Rights assigned without individual specification
第9.1.7條 讓與人(ren)和受讓人(ren)協議(yi)即可轉讓
ARTICLE 9.1.7 Agreement between assignor and assignee sufficient
第9.1.8條 債務人的額外成本
第9.1.9條 非轉讓條款
第9.1.10條 通知債務人
第9.1.11條 連續轉讓
第9.1.12條 轉讓的充分證據
第9.1.13條 抗辯權和抵銷權
第9.1.14條 與權利轉讓相關之權利
第9.1.15條 讓與人的擔保
第二(er)節:債務的轉移(yi)SECTION 2: TRANSFER OF OBLIGATIONS
第9.2.1條 轉移的模式
第9.2.2條 排除適用
第9.2.3條 對債權人轉移同意的要求
ARTICLE 9.2.3 Requirement of obligee’s consent to transfer
第9.2.4條 債權人的預先同意
第9.2.5條 原債務人債務的解除
第9.2.6條 第三方履行
第9.2.7條 抗辯和抵銷權
第9.2.8條 與被轉移債務相關的權利
ARTICLE 9.2.8 Rights related to the obligation transferred
第(di)三節 合(he)同的(de)轉(zhuan)讓SECTION 3: ASSIGNMENT OF CONTRACTS
第9.3.1條 定義
第9.3.2條 排除適用
第9.3.3條 另一方當事人同意的要求
ARTICLE 9.3.3 Requirement of consent of the other party
第9.3.4條 另一方當事人的預先同意
第9.3.5條 讓與人債務的解除
第9.3.6條 抗辯和抵銷權
第9.3.7條 隨合同轉讓的權利
第(di)十章 時效期間(jian)CHAPTER 10 — LIMITATION PERIODS
第10.1條 本章范圍
第10.2條 時效期間
第10.3條 當事人對時效期間的修改
ARTICLE 10.3 Modification of limitation periods by the parties
第10.5條 因司法程序而中止
第10.6條 因仲裁程序而中止
第10.7條 替代性爭議解決機制
第10.8條 因(yin)不可抗力、死亡(wang)或(huo)無行為能(neng)力而(er)中(zhong)止
ARTICLE 10.8 Suspension in case of force majeure, death or incapacity
第10.9條 時效期間屆滿的效力
ARTICLE 10.9 The effects of expiration of limitation period
第10.10條 抵銷權
第10.11條 返還
序言PREAMBLE
通則的目的
通(tong)則(ze)旨在為國際商事合同(tong)制定一般規(gui)則(ze)。
These Principles set forth general rules for international commercial contracts.
在當事人約定其合同受(shou)通(tong)則管轄時，應適用通(tong)則。.
They shall be applied when the parties have agreed that their contract be governed by them.(*)
在(zai)當事人約定其(qi)合(he)同(tong)受(shou)法(fa)律(lv)的一(yi)般原則(ze)、商(shang)人習慣法(fa)或類似(si)措辭管轄時，可適(shi)用(yong)通則(ze)。
They may be applied when the parties have agreed that their contract be governed by general principles of law, the lex mercatoria or the like.
在(zai)當(dang)事人未選(xuan)擇任何法律管轄其合(he)同時，可(ke)適用通則。
They may be applied when the parties have not chosen any law to govern their contract.
通則(ze)可(ke)用(yong)于解釋(shi)或補充國際統一法文件。
They may be used to interpret or supplement international uniform law instruments.
通則可用于解釋或補充國內法。
They may be used to interpret or supplement domestic law.
通(tong)則也可作為國內和國際(ji)立法的(de)范本。
They may serve as a model for national and international legislators.
(*)希望在合同中規定其協議受《通則》管轄的當事人可以使(shi)用(yong)如下表(biao)述，并(bing)加(jia)上任(ren)何希望的例外或(huo)調(diao)整(zheng):
(*)Parties wishing to provide that their agreement be governed by the Principles might use the following words, adding any desired exceptions or modifications:
“本合同應(ying)受《國(guo)際(ji)統一(yi)私法(fa)協會國(guo)際(ji)商事合同通(tong)則》(2004)管轄，[除了某條款]。”
“This contract shall be governed by the UNIDROIT Principles(2004)[except as to Articles …]”.
希望在(zai)合(he)同(tong)中(zhong)規(gui)定適用(yong)某一特定的轄(xia)區法(fa)律的當事人，可以使(shi)用(yong)如下表述:
Parties wishing to provide in addition for the application of the law of a particular jurisdiction might use the following words:
“本合同(tong)應受《國際(ji)統(tong)一私法協會國際(ji)商事合同(tong)通則》(2004)管轄[除(chu)了某條款]，
必要時由(you)【X管轄區】的法律補充。”
“This contract shall be governed by the UNIDROIT Principles(2004)[except as to Articles…],
supplemented when necessary by the law of [jurisdiction X].
第一章 總 則CHAPTER 1 — GENERAL PROVISIONS
第1.1條締約自由 ARTICLE 1.1 Freedom of contract
當事(shi)人(ren)可自由訂立合同并確定合同的內容。
The parties are free to enter into a contract and to determine its content.
第1.2條無形(xing)式要求 ARTICLE 1.2 No form required
通則(ze)不要(yao)求合同(tong)、聲明或(huo)(huo)其(qi)他任何行為必須以(yi)(yi)特定形式作(zuo)出或(huo)(huo)以(yi)(yi)特定形式證明。合同(tong)可(ke)通過(guo)包括證人在(zai)內的任何形式證明。
Nothing in these Principles requires a contract, statement or any other act to be made in or evidenced by a particular form. It may be proved by any means, including witnesses.
第1.3條合同的約束性
有效訂立的合同對當事人(ren)均具有約束力(li)。當事人(ren)僅能根據合同的條(tiao)款，或通(tong)(tong)過協議，或根據通(tong)(tong)則(ze)的規定修改或終(zhong)止合同。
A contract validly entered into is binding upon the parties. It can only be modified or terminated in accordance with its terms or by agreement or as otherwise provided in these Principles.
第1.4條 強制性(xing)規則 ARTICLE 1.4Mandatory rules
通則(ze)(ze)(ze)的(de)(de)任(ren)何規(gui)定都不應限制根據國際私法有(you)關規(gui)則(ze)(ze)(ze)導(dao)致的(de)(de)強制性(xing)規(gui)則(ze)(ze)(ze)的(de)(de)適用，且不論這(zhe)些強制性(xing)規(gui)則(ze)(ze)(ze)是(shi)源于(yu)國內的(de)(de)、國際的(de)(de)還是(shi)超國家的(de)(de)。
Nothing in these Principles shall restrict the application of mandatory rules, whether of national, international or supranational origin, which are applicable in accordance with the relevant rules of private international law.
第1.5條 當事人的排除或修改
除通則另有規定外(wai)，當事人可以排除通則的(de)適(shi)用，或(huo)者減損或(huo)改變通則任何(he)條(tiao)款的(de)效(xiao)力。
The parties may exclude the application of these Principles or derogate from or vary the effect of any of their provisions, except as otherwise provided in the Principles.
第1.6條 通則的解釋(shi)和補(bu)充 ARTICLE 1.6 Interpretation and supplementation of the Principles
(1)在解釋通(tong)(tong)則時，應(ying)考慮通(tong)(tong)則的國(guo)際性(xing)及其目的，包括促進其統一適用的需要。
(1) In the interpretation of these Principles, regard is to be had to their international character and to their purposes including the need to promote uniformity in their application.
(2)凡屬于通則范圍之內(nei)但又未被通則明確規定(ding)的問題，應(ying)盡可能(neng)地根據通則確定(ding)的一般基本原則來處理。
(2) Issues within the scope of these Principles but not expressly settled by them are as far as possible to be settled in accordance with their underlying general principles.
第1.7條 誠實信用和公平(ping)交(jiao)易 ARTICLE 1.7 Good faith and fair dealing
(1)在國(guo)際貿(mao)易中(zhong)，每一方當事人應依(yi)據誠(cheng)實信用(yong)和公平交易的原(yuan)則(ze)行(xing)事。
(1) Each party must act in accordance with good faith and fair dealing in international trade.
(2)當事(shi)人(ren)不(bu)能排除或(huo)限制(zhi)此項義務。
(2) The parties may not exclude or limit this duty.
第1.8條 不(bu)一致(zhi)行為 ARTICLE 1.8 Inconsistent Behaviour
如果一(yi)方(fang)(fang)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)人(ren)使得另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)人(ren)產生某種理(li)解，且該另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)人(ren)依賴該理(li)解合理(li)行事(shi)，并對(dui)自己造(zao)成不(bu)利后果，則該方(fang)(fang)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)人(ren)不(bu)得以與該另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)人(ren)理(li)解不(bu)一(yi)致(zhi)的方(fang)(fang)式行事(shi)。
A party cannot act inconsistently with an understanding it has caused the other party to have and upon which that other party reasonably has acted in reliance to its detriment.
第1.9條 慣例和習慣做(zuo)法 ARTICLE 1.9 Usages and practices
(1)當事人各方受其(qi)業(ye)已約(yue)(yue)定(ding)的(de)任何(he)慣(guan)例(li)和其(qi)相互之間業(ye)已建立的(de)任何(he)習慣(guan)做法的(de)約(yue)(yue)束(shu)。
(1) The parties are bound by any usage to which they have agreed and by any practices which they have established between themselves.
(2)在特定的(de)有關貿(mao)(mao)易中的(de)合同當事人(ren)，應受國際貿(mao)(mao)易中廣(guang)泛知(zhi)悉并慣常(chang)遵守的(de)慣例(li)的(de)約束(shu)，除非該慣例(li)的(de)適用為(wei)不(bu)合理(li)。
(2) The parties are bound by a usage that is widely known to and regularly observed in international trade by parties in the particular trade concerned except where the application of such a usage would be unreasonable.
第1.10條 通(tong)知(zhi) ARTICLE 1.10 Notice
(1)在需要發出(chu)通(tong)知(zhi)時(shi)，通(tong)知(zhi)可以適合于具體情況的任何方式發出(chu)。
(1) Where notice is required it may be given by any means appropriate to the circumstances.
(2)通知于送達被(bei)通知人時生效。
(2) A notice is effective when it reaches the person to whom it is given.
(3)就第(2)款(kuan)而言(yan)，通(tong)(tong)知于口頭傳達被(bei)通(tong)(tong)知人(ren)或遞送到被(bei)通(tong)(tong)知人(ren)的營業(ye)地或通(tong)(tong)訊(xun)地址時，為通(tong)(tong)知“送達”被(bei)通(tong)(tong)知人(ren)。
(3) For the purpose of paragraph(2) a notice “reaches” a person when given to that person orally or delivered at that person’s place of business or mailing address.
(4)就本(ben)條而言，通知包括(kuo)聲明(ming)、要(yao)求(qiu)、請求(qiu)或任何其他意思的表述(shu)。
(4) For the purpose of this article “notice” includes a declaration, demand, request or any other communication of intention.
第1.11條 定義(yi) ARTICLE 1.11 Definitions
通則中:In these Principles
“writing” means any mode of communication that preserves a record of the information contained there in and is capable of being reproduced in tangible form.
第(di)1.12條 當(dang)事人規定(ding)的時間的計(ji)算(suan) ARTICLE 1.12 Computation of time set by parties
(1)發生在由當(dang)事(shi)人規定(ding)的(de)(de)履(lv)行(xing)某一行(xing)為的(de)(de)期(qi)(qi)間(jian)內(nei)的(de)(de)法定(ding)節假日或非工作日應包括在期(qi)(qi)間(jian)的(de)(de)計(ji)算之內(nei)。
(1) Official holidays or non-business days occurring during a period set by parties for an act to be performed are included in calculating the period.
(2)然而(er)，如果期間的(de)最后(hou)一天在(zai)履(lv)行(xing)該行(xing)為(wei)之當事人的(de)營業(ye)地(di)是(shi)法定節假日或非(fei)工(gong)作日，該期間可順(shun)延至(zhi)隨后(hou)的(de)第一個工(gong)作日，除非(fei)情況有相反的(de)表示(shi)。
(2) However, if the last day of the period is an official holiday or a non-business day at the place of business of the party to perform the act, the period is extended until the first business day which follows, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
(3)相關(guan)的(de)時區是設定時間的(de)當事人營業地的(de)時區，除非情況有相反的(de)表示。
(3) The relevant time zone is that of the place of business of the party setting the time, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
第二章 合同(tong)的訂(ding)立與代理人(ren)的權限
CHAPTER 2 — FORMATION AND AUTHORITY OF AGENTS
第一節 合(he)同的訂立SECTION 1: FORMATION
第2.1.1條 訂立的形式
合(he)(he)同(tong)可(ke)通過對(dui)要約(yue)的承諾或(huo)通過能充分表(biao)明當(dang)事人各方合(he)(he)意的行為而成(cheng)立。
A contract may be concluded either by the acceptance of an offer or by conduct of the parties that is sufficient to show agreement.
第2.1.2條 要約的定義
一(yi)項(xiang)訂立合同的建(jian)議(yi)，如(ru)果十分確定(ding)，并表明要約人在得到承諾(nuo)時(shi)受其約束的意(yi)旨，即構成一(yi)項(xiang)要約。
A proposal for concluding a contract constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance.
第2.1.3條 要約的撤回
(1)要約于送達受要約人時生效;
(1) An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree.
(2)一項(xiang)要約(yue)(yue)即使是不(bu)可撤(che)銷的，也可以撤(che)回(hui)，如果撤(che)回(hui)通知在要約(yue)(yue)送(song)達(da)(da)受要約(yue)(yue)人之(zhi)前或與(yu)要約(yue)(yue)同時送(song)達(da)(da)受要約(yue)(yue)人。
(2) An offer, even if it is irrevocable, may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeree before or at the same time as the offer.
第2.1.4條 要約的撤銷
(1)在合同訂立之前，要(yao)約得予撤銷，如果撤銷通(tong)知在受(shou)要(yao)約人發出(chu)承諾之前送(song)達受(shou)要(yao)約人。
(1) Until a contract is concluded an offer may be revoked if the revocation reaches the offeree before it has dispatched an acceptance.
(2)但是，在下列情況下，要約不得撤銷:
(a)要(yao)約(yue)寫明承(cheng)諾的(de)期限(xian)，或以其他方式表明要(yao)約(yue)是(shi)不(bu)可撤銷的(de);或
(a) if it indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable; or
(b)受要約人有理由(you)信賴該項要約是(shi)不可撤銷的，且受要約人已(yi)依(yi)賴該要約行(xing)事。
(b) if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer.
第2.1.5條 要約的拒絕
要約于拒(ju)絕(jue)通知(zhi)送達要約人時(shi)終(zhong)止(zhi)。
An offer is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror.
第2.1.6條 承諾的方式
(1)受(shou)要約(yue)人(ren)做(zuo)出的聲明或表示同(tong)意一項要約(yue)的其他行為構成(cheng)承諾(nuo)。緘默或不行為本身不構成(cheng)承諾(nuo)。
(1) A statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating assent to an offer is an acceptance. Silence or inactivity does not in itself amount to acceptance.
(2)對(dui)一項要約的承諾于同意的表示送達要約人時生效。
(2) An acceptance of an offer becomes effective when the indication of assent reaches the offeror.
(3)但是(shi)，如果根據要(yao)約(yue)本身，或依(yi)照當事人(ren)之間建立的習慣做法或依(yi)照慣例，受要(yao)約(yue)人(ren)可以通過(guo)做出某行為(wei)來表(biao)示同意，而無須向要(yao)約(yue)人(ren)發出通知(zhi)，則承諾于做出該行為(wei)時(shi)生效(xiao)。
(3) However, if, by virtue of the offer or as a result of practices which the parties have established between themselves or of usage, the offeree may indicate assent by performing an act without notice to the offeror, the acceptance is effective when the act is performed.
第2.1.7條 承諾的時間
要(yao)約(yue)必(bi)須在(zai)要(yao)約(yue)人(ren)規定的(de)時間內承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)諾;或者如果未規定時間，應在(zai)考慮了(le)交易(yi)的(de)具體(ti)情(qing)況(kuang)，包(bao)括要(yao)約(yue)人(ren)所(suo)使用(yong)的(de)通訊方法(fa)的(de)快捷(jie)程度(du)的(de)一段合(he)理的(de)時間內做出(chu)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)諾。對口頭要(yao)約(yue)必(bi)須立(li)即做出(chu)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)諾，除非情(qing)況(kuang)有相(xiang)反的(de)表示。
An offer must be accepted within the time the offeror has fixed or, if no time is fixed, within a reasonable time having regard to the circumstances, including the rapidity of the means of communication employed by the offeror. An oral offer must be accepted immediately unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
第2.1.8條 規定期限內的承諾
要(yao)約(yue)(yue)人規定的承(cheng)諾(nuo)期限自要(yao)約(yue)(yue)發出時起算。要(yao)約(yue)(yue)中表(biao)示的日期應被視(shi)為是(shi)要(yao)約(yue)(yue)發出的時間，除非情況有相(xiang)反(fan)的表(biao)示。
A period of acceptance fixed by the offeror begins to run from the time that the offer is dispatched. A time indicated in the offer is deemed to be the time of dispatch unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
第2.1.9條 逾期承諾與傳遞遲延
(1)逾期承(cheng)(cheng)諾(nuo)仍應具有承(cheng)(cheng)諾(nuo)的(de)效力，但要約(yue)人(ren)應毫不遲延地(di)告(gao)知受(shou)要約(yue)人(ren)該(gai)承(cheng)(cheng)諾(nuo)具有效力或就此向受(shou)要約(yue)人(ren)發出(chu)通知。
(1) A late acceptance is nevertheless effective as an acceptance if without undue delay the offeror so informs the offeree or gives notice to that effect.
(2)如(ru)果載有逾期承諾的(de)信息(xi)表明(ming)它是在如(ru)果傳遞(di)正常即能及時被送達(da)要(yao)(yao)約人的(de)情(qing)況下(xia)發出(chu)的(de)，則該逾期的(de)承諾仍具有承諾的(de)效力，除非要(yao)(yao)約人毫不遲延地(di)通知受要(yao)(yao)約人此要(yao)(yao)約已失效。
(2) If a communication containing a late acceptance shows that it has been sent in such circumstances that if its transmission had been normal it would have reached the offeror in due time, the late acceptance is effective as an acceptance unless, without undue delay, the offeror informs the offeree that it considers the offer as having lapsed.
第2.1.10條 承諾的撤回
承諾可以撤(che)(che)回(hui)，只要撤(che)(che)回(hui)通知在承諾本應(ying)生效(xiao)之前或同時(shi)送達(da)要約人。
An acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective.
第2.1.11條 變更的承諾
(1)對(dui)要(yao)約意在表示承諾但載有添加、限制或其他變(bian)更的答復，即為對(dui)要(yao)約的拒絕(jue)，并構成反要(yao)約。
(1)A reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additions, limitations or other modifications is a rejection of the offer and constitutes a counter-offer.
(2)但(dan)是，對(dui)要(yao)約(yue)(yue)意在表示承(cheng)諾但(dan)載(zai)有添加，或不同(tong)條(tiao)件的答復，如果(guo)所載(zai)的添加或不同(tong)條(tiao)件沒(mei)有實質性地改變要(yao)約(yue)(yue)的條(tiao)件，那么，除(chu)非要(yao)約(yue)(yue)人(ren)(ren)毫(hao)不遲延地表示拒絕(jue)這些(xie)不符，則此答復仍(reng)構(gou)成承(cheng)諾。如果(guo)要(yao)約(yue)(yue)人(ren)(ren)不做出拒絕(jue)，則合同(tong)的條(tiao)款(kuan)應以該項(xiang)要(yao)約(yue)(yue)的條(tiao)款(kuan)以及承(cheng)諾通知中所載(zai)有的變更為準。
(2) However, a reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additional or different terms which do not materially alter the terms of the offer constitutes an acceptance, unless the offeror, without undue delay, objects to the discrepancy. If the offeror does not object, the terms of the contract are the terms of the offer with the modifications contained in the acceptance.
第2.1.12條 書面確認
在合(he)同(tong)訂立(li)后一(yi)段合(he)理時(shi)間(jian)內發出的意(yi)在確認合(he)同(tong)的書(shu)面文件，如(ru)果載(zai)有添(tian)加(jia)或(huo)(huo)不(bu)同(tong)的條款，除非(fei)這些添(tian)加(jia)或(huo)(huo)不(bu)同(tong)條款實(shi)質性(xing)地變更了合(he)同(tong)，或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)接收方(fang)毫(hao)不(bu)遲延地拒絕了這些不(bu)符，則(ze)這些條款應構成合(he)同(tong)的一(yi)個組成部分。
If a writing which is sent within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract and which purports to be a confirmation of the contract contains additional or different terms, such terms become part of the contract, unless they materially alter the contract or the recipient, without undue delay, objects to the discrepancy.
第2.1.13條 合同的訂(ding)立基于對特(te)定(ding)事項(xiang)或特(te)定(ding)形式的協議
ARTICLE 2.1.13 Conclusion of contract dependent on agreement on specific matters or in a particular form
在(zai)談(tan)判過程中，凡一方當(dang)事人堅(jian)持合同的訂立以對特定事項或以特定形(xing)式達(da)成協(xie)議(yi)為條(tiao)件的，則在(zai)對這些特定事項或形(xing)式達(da)成協(xie)議(yi)之前，合同不能訂立。
Where in the course of negotiations one of the parties insists that the contract is not concluded until there is agreement on specific matters or in a particular form, no contract is concluded before agreement is reached on those matters or in that form.
第2.1.14條 特意待定的合同條款
(1)如(ru)果(guo)當事人(ren)各方意在訂立(li)一項合同，但(dan)卻有意將一項條款留待(dai)進(jin)一步(bu)談(tan)判商(shang)定或由第三(san)人(ren)確定，則這一事實并不妨礙合同的成立(li)。
(1) If the parties intend to conclude a contract, the fact that they intentionally leave a term to be agreed upon in further negotiations or to be determined by a third person does not prevent a contract from coming into existence.
(2)考(kao)慮到當事人各方(fang)的(de)(de)意思(si)，如果(guo)在(zai)(zai)具體情況下存在(zai)(zai)一種可選擇的(de)(de)合理(li)方(fang)法來確定此條(tiao)款，則合同的(de)(de)存在(zai)(zai)不受此后發生(sheng)的(de)(de)下列情況的(de)(de)影響:
(2) The existence of the contract is not affected by the fact that subsequently
(a)當事人各方未就該條款達成協議;或
(b)第三人未確定此條款(kuan)。
(b) the third person does not determine the term, provided that there is an alternative means of rendering the term definite that is reasonable in the circumstances, having regard to the intention of the parties.
第2.1.15條 惡意談判
(1)當事人(ren)可自(zi)由(you)進(jin)行談判，并對未達(da)成(cheng)協議不承(cheng)擔責任(ren);
(1) A party is free to negotiate and is not liable for failure to reach an agreement.
(2)但是，一(yi)方當事(shi)人如(ru)果惡意(yi)進行談判或惡意(yi)終止談判，則該方當事(shi)人應對因此給另(ling)一(yi)方當事(shi)人所造(zao)成的損(sun)失承擔責任;
(2) However, a party who negotiates or breaks off negotiations in bad faith is liable for the losses caused to the other party.
(3)惡意(yi)，特別是指一方(fang)當事人(ren)在無意(yi)與對方(fang)達成協議的情況下，開始或繼續進行談判。
(3) It is bad faith, in particular, for a party to enter into or continue negotiations when intending not to reach an agreement with the other party.
第2.1.16條 保密義務
在談判過(guo)程中(zhong)，一方(fang)(fang)當(dang)(dang)事人(ren)以(yi)保(bao)密(mi)性質提供(gong)的(de)(de)信(xin)息(xi)，無論此后是否(fou)達成合同，另(ling)(ling)一方(fang)(fang)當(dang)(dang)事人(ren)有義務不(bu)(bu)予泄露，也(ye)不(bu)(bu)得為自己的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)適(shi)當(dang)(dang)地使用這些信(xin)息(xi)。在適(shi)當(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下，違反該義務的(de)(de)救濟(ji)可以(yi)包括根據(ju)另(ling)(ling)一方(fang)(fang)當(dang)(dang)事人(ren)泄露該信(xin)息(xi)所獲得之利益予以(yi)賠償。
Where information is given as confidential by one party in the course of negotiations, the other party is under a duty not to disclose that information or to use it improperly for its own purposes, whether or not a contract is subsequently concluded. Where appropriate, the remedy for breach of that duty may include compensation based on the benefit received by the other party.
第2.1.17條 合并條款
若一(yi)個書面合(he)同中載有的一(yi)項(xiang)條款(kuan)表明該(gai)合(he)同包含了各方(fang)當事人已達成一(yi)致(zhi)的全部條款(kuan)，則此前(qian)存在的任何(he)陳(chen)述或(huo)協議(yi)不能(neng)被用作證(zheng)據對抗或(huo)補(bu)充該(gai)合(he)同。但是(shi)，這(zhe)些陳(chen)述或(huo)協議(yi)可(ke)用于解釋(shi)該(gai)書面合(he)同。
A contract in writing which contains a clause indicating that the writing completely embodies the terms on which the parties have agreed cannot be contradicted or supplemented by evidence of prior statements or agreements. However, such statements or agreements may be used to interpret the writing.
第2.1.18條 特定形式修改
如果書面合(he)同(tong)中載有的(de)一項(xiang)條款(kuan)要求合(he)同(tong)的(de)任何修改(gai)或終止必(bi)須以特定形式做出，則(ze)該合(he)同(tong)不得以其(qi)他形式修改(gai)或終止。但是，在一方(fang)當事(shi)人的(de)行為(wei)使(shi)另一方(fang)當事(shi)人產生信賴并(bing)依此(ci)行事(shi)的(de)限度內，則(ze)該一方(fang)當事(shi)人因其(qi)行為(wei)可被拒絕主張本條款(kuan)。
A contract in writing which contains a clause requiring any modification or termination by agreement to be in a particular form may not be otherwise modified or terminated. However, a party may be precluded by its conduct from asserting such a clause to the extent that the other party has reasonably acted in reliance on that conduct.
第2.1.19條 按標準條款訂立合同 ARTICLE 2.1.19
(1)一(yi)方或(huo)雙(shuang)方當(dang)事人(ren)使(shi)用標準條(tiao)款訂(ding)立合同，適用訂(ding)立合同的(de)一(yi)般規則，但應受本章第(di)2.1.20條(tiao)至第(di)2.1.22條(tiao)的(de)約束。
(1) Where one party or both parties use standard terms in concluding a contract, the general rules on formation apply, subject to Articles 2.1.20 - 2.1.22.
(2)標準(zhun)條款是指(zhi)一方(fang)為通常和(he)重(zhong)復使(shi)用的(de)目(mu)的(de)而(er)預先準(zhun)備的(de)條款， 并在實際使(shi)用時未與對(dui)方(fang)談判。
(2) Standard terms are provisions which are prepared in advance for general and repeated use by one party and which are actually used without negotiation with the other party.
第2.1.20條 意外條款
(1)如果(guo)標準條款中(zhong)含有另(ling)一方(fang)當事人不(bu)能合(he)理(li)預(yu)見性質的條款，則該條款無效(xiao)，除非對方(fang)明(ming)示地表(biao)示接(jie)受;
(1) No term contained in standard terms which is of such a character that the other party could not reasonably have expected it, is effective unless it has been expressly accepted by that party.
(2)在確定某(mou)一條款是(shi)否屬于這種性質時，應考慮(lv)到該條款的(de)內(nei)容、語言和表(biao)達(da)方式(shi)。
(2) In determining whether a term is of such a character regard shall be had to its content, language and presentation.
第2.1.21條 標準條款與非標準條款的沖突
ARTICLE 2.1.21 Conflict between standard terms and non-standard terms
若(ruo)標準條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)與(yu)非標準條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)發生(sheng)沖突，以非標準條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)為準。
In case of conflict between a standard term and a term which is not a standard term the latter prevails.
第2.1.22條 格式合同之爭
在雙方當事(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)均使用標(biao)準條(tiao)款(kuan)的(de)情況(kuang)下，如果(guo)雙方對除標(biao)準條(tiao)款(kuan)以外的(de)條(tiao)款(kuan)達成一致，則合(he)同應根據(ju)已達成一致的(de)條(tiao)款(kuan)以及(ji)在實體內容上相同的(de)標(biao)準條(tiao)款(kuan)訂(ding)立，除非一方當事(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)已事(shi)(shi)(shi)先明確表示或事(shi)(shi)(shi)后毫不(bu)遲(chi)延地通知另(ling)一方當事(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)其不(bu)愿受這種合(he)同的(de)約束(shu)。
Where both parties use standard terms and reach agreement except on those terms, a contract is concluded on the basis of the agreed terms and of any standard terms which are common in substance unless one party clearly indicates in advance, or later and without undue delay informs the other party, that it does not intend to be bound by such a contract.
第(di)二節 代理(li)人的權限SECTION 2: AUTHORITY OF AGENTS
第2.2.1條 本節的范圍
(1)本節調整某人(代(dai)理(li)人)通過與第(di)三(san)方之間的(de)(de)一(yi)項(xiang)合(he)同的(de)(de)訂(ding)立或相(xiang)關事項(xiang)，影(ying)響另一(yi)人(本人)法律關系的(de)(de)權(quan)限，而不論代(dai)理(li)人是以自(zi)己的(de)(de)名義(yi)還是以本人的(de)(de)名義(yi)行事。
(1) This Section governs the authority of a person(“the agent”), to affect the legal relations of another person(“the principal”), by or with respect to a contract with a third party, whether the agent acts in its own name or in that of the principal.
(2)本(ben)節僅調整以(yi)(yi)本(ben)人(ren)或代理人(ren)為一方當(dang)事人(ren)，以(yi)(yi)第三(san)方為另一方當(dang)事人(ren)之(zhi)間的關系。
(2) It governs only the relations between the principal or the agent on the one hand, and the third party on the other.
(3)本(ben)節并不調整(zheng)由(you)(you)法(fa)律賦(fu)予代理人(ren)的(de)權限(xian)，或(huo)由(you)(you)公共或(huo)司法(fa)機構(gou)指定的(de)代理人(ren)的(de)權限(xian)。
(3) It does not govern an agent’s authority conferred by law or the authority of an agent appointed by a public or judicial authority.
第2.2.2條 代理人權限的確立和范圍
ARTICLE 2.2.2 Establishment and scope of the authority of the agent
(1)本人(ren)(ren)授予(yu)代理人(ren)(ren)的(de)權限(xian)既可以(yi)是明(ming)示的(de)也可以(yi)是默(mo)示的(de)。
(1) The principal’s grant of authority to an agent may be express or implied.
(2)代(dai)理(li)人(ren)為(wei)實現授權之(zhi)目的，有(you)權采取所有(you)必要的行為(wei)。
(2) The agent has authority to perform all acts necessary in the circumstances to achieve the purposes for which the authority was granted.
第2.2.3條 顯名代理
(1)如當代理(li)人(ren)(ren)在其權限范圍內行事(shi)，且第三(san)(san)方已知或應知其以代理(li)身份(fen)行事(shi)，代理(li)人(ren)(ren)的(de)行為將(jiang)直接影(ying)響本人(ren)(ren)和第三(san)(san)方之間(jian)(jian)的(de)法律(lv)關(guan)系(xi)，而在代理(li)人(ren)(ren)和第三(san)(san)方之間(jian)(jian)不創(chuang)設任(ren)何法律(lv)關(guan)系(xi)。
(1) Where an agent acts within the scope of its authority and the third party knew or ought to have known that the agent was acting as an agent, the acts of the agent shall directly affect the legal relations between the principal and the third party and no legal relation is created between the agent and the third party.
(2)但是，當代(dai)理(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)經(jing)本(ben)人(ren)(ren)(ren)同意成為(wei)合同一方時(shi)，則代(dai)理(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)行(xing)為(wei)應僅影(ying)響代(dai)理(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)和第三(san)方之間的(de)(de)關系。
(2) However, the acts of the agent shall affect only the relations between the agent and the third party, where the agent with the consent of the principal undertakes to become the party to the contract.
第2.2.4條 隱名代理
(1)當代(dai)理人(ren)在(zai)其權限范圍內行事，但第三方(fang)(fang)既不(bu)知(zhi)道也不(bu)應知(zhi)道代(dai)理人(ren)是(shi)作為代(dai)理人(ren)行事時(shi)，則代(dai)理人(ren)的行為將僅影響(xiang)代(dai)理人(ren)與第三方(fang)(fang)之間的關(guan)系。
(1) Where an agent acts within the scope of its authority and the third party neither knew nor ought to have known that the agent was acting as an agent, the acts of the agent shall affect only the relations between the agent and the third party.
(2)然而，代理人當代表(biao)一個商業(ye)與第三方達(da)成(cheng)合同時，聲稱是該商業(ye)的(de)所(suo)有人，則第三方在發(fa)現該商業(ye)的(de)真實所(suo)有者后，可以向后者行使(shi)其對代理人的(de)權利。
(2) However, where such an agent, when contracting with the third party on behalf of a business, represents itself to be the owner of that business, the third party, upon discovery of the real owner of the business, may exercise also against the latter the rights it has against the agent.
第2.2.5條 代理人無權或越權行事
ARTICLE 2.2.5 Agent acting without or exceeding its authority
(1)代(dai)(dai)理(li)人(ren)沒有代(dai)(dai)理(li)權或(huo)超越代(dai)(dai)理(li)權行(xing)事時，其(qi)行(xing)為不影響委(wei)托人(ren)和第三(san)方之(zhi)間的法律(lv)關系(xi)。
(1) Where an agent acts without authority or exceeds its authority, its acts do not affect the legal relations between the principal and the third party.
(2)但是，當本人造成(cheng)第(di)三方合理(li)(li)地認(ren)為(wei)代理(li)(li)人有權(quan)代表(biao)本人行(xing)事(shi)，且代理(li)(li)人是在(zai)該(gai)權(quan)限(xian)范圍(wei)內行(xing)事(shi)時，則本人不(bu)得以代理(li)(li)人無代理(li)(li)權(quan)為(wei)由(you)對抗第(di)三方。
(2) However, where the principal causes the third party reasonably to believe that the agent has authority to act on behalf of the principal and that the agent is acting within the scope of that authority, the principal may not invoke against the third party the lack of authority of the agent.
第2.2.6條 代(dai)理人無權(quan)或(huo)越權(quan)行事的(de)責任
(1)沒有代(dai)理(li)權(quan)(quan)或超(chao)越代(dai)理(li)權(quan)(quan)行(xing)事的代(dai)理(li)人(ren)，如未經本(ben)人(ren)追認，則應對第三人(ren)承擔將其(qi)恢(hui)復至如同代(dai)理(li)人(ren)有代(dai)理(li)權(quan)(quan)或未超(chao)越代(dai)理(li)權(quan)(quan)行(xing)事時(shi)第三方(fang)應處的同等(deng)狀(zhuang)況的責(ze)任。
(1) An agent that acts without authority or exceeds its authority is, failing ratification by the principal, liable for damages that will place the third party in the same position as if the agent had acted with authority and not exceeded its authority.
(2)但是，如果第三方已知或應(ying)知代理(li)(li)人(ren)沒(mei)有代理(li)(li)權或超(chao)越代理(li)(li)權，則代理(li)(li)人(ren)不承擔責任。
(2) However, the agent is not liable if the third party knew or ought to have known that the agent had no authority or was exceeding its authority.
第2.2.7條 利益沖突
(1)如果代理人(ren)締結(jie)的合同涉及(ji)到代理人(ren)與本(ben)人(ren)存在利(li)益沖突，而且第(di)三(san)方已知或(huo)應知這一情況(kuang)，則本(ben)人(ren)可主(zhu)張合同無(wu)效。主(zhu)張無(wu)效的權利(li)由第(di)3.12條(tiao)和第(di)3.14條(tiao)至第(di)3.17條(tiao)調整。
(1) If a contract concluded by an agent involves the agent in a conflict of interests with the principal of which the third party knew or ought to have known, the principal may avoid the contract. The right to avoid is subject to Articles 3.12 and 3.14 to 3.17.
(2)但(dan)是，本(ben)人在以下情況(kuang)不得主張合同無效:
(2) However, the principal may not avoid the contract
(a)本人已經同意，或(huo)已知(zhi)或(huo)應知(zhi)代理人涉(she)及(ji)利(li)益沖突;或(huo)
(a) if the principal had consented to, or knew or ought to have known of, the agent’s involvement in the conflict of interests; or
(b)代理人(ren)已經披露與本人(ren)的利益沖突，但本人(ren)在(zai)合理時間內并未(wei)提出(chu)反對(dui)。
(b) if the agent had disclosed the conflict of interests to the principal and the latter had not objected within a reasonable time.
第2.2.8條 次代理
代理人(ren)(ren)有指(zhi)定(ding)次(ci)代理人(ren)(ren)履行那些非合理預期代理人(ren)(ren)本身履行的(de)(de)行為的(de)(de)默(mo)示權力。本節(jie)的(de)(de)規則適用于次(ci)代理。
An agent has implied authority to appoint a sub-agent to perform acts which it is not reasonable to expect the agent to perform itself. The rules of this Section apply to the sub-agency.
第2.2.9條 追認
(1)代理(li)(li)(li)人(ren)沒有代理(li)(li)(li)權(quan)或(huo)超越(yue)代理(li)(li)(li)權(quan)的行(xing)為可由本人(ren)追(zhui)認(ren)。經(jing)追(zhui)認(ren)的行(xing)為如同代理(li)(li)(li)人(ren)自始就依代理(li)(li)(li)權(quan)行(xing)事產生(sheng)同樣的效力。
(1) An act by an agent that acts without authority or exceeds its authority may be ratified by the principal. On ratification the act produces the same effects as if it had initially been carried out with authority.
(2)第三方可(ke)以(yi)通知本人(ren)在一段合理的(de)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)內追認(ren)。本人(ren)如(ru)未在該(gai)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)內追認(ren)，則不能(neng)再予追認(ren)。
(2) The third party may by notice to the principal specify a reasonable period of time for ratification. If the principal does not ratify within that period of time it can no longer do so.
(3)如果(guo)在(zai)代理(li)人行事時，第(di)三方既不知(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)不應(ying)知(zhi)(zhi)代理(li)人無(wu)權代理(li)，則第(di)三方可在(zai)本人追(zhui)認前(qian)，隨時通知(zhi)(zhi)本人表示(shi)拒絕受追(zhui)認的約束(shu)。
(3) If, at the time of the agent’s act, the third party neither knew nor ought to have known of the lack of authority, it may, at any time before ratification, by notice to the principal indicate its refusal to become bound by a ratification.
第2.2.10條 代理權終止 ARTICLE 2.2.10
(1)代理權的終止對第三(san)方不產生效力，除(chu)非第三(san)方已知或應知這一情況。
(1) Termination of authority is not effective in relation to the third party unless the third party knew or ought to have known of it.
(2)盡管代(dai)理(li)權終(zhong)止(zhi)，但代(dai)理(li)人(ren)仍有(you)權為(wei)防止(zhi)損害本人(ren)利益采取必 要的行為(wei)。
(2) Notwithstanding the termination of its authority, an agent remains authorised to perform the acts that are necessary to prevent harm to the principal’s interests.
第三章 合同的效力CHAPTER 3 — VALIDITY
第3.1條 未涉(she)及(ji)事項(xiang) ARTICLE 3.1(Matters not covered)
通則不處理由以下原因而導致(zhi)的合同無(wu)效:
These Principles do not deal with invalidity arising from
(a)無行為能力;(a) lack of capacity;
(b)不道德(de)或非法。(b) immorality or illegality.
第3.2條 協議的效力
合(he)同僅由雙方的協議訂立、修改或終(zhong)止，除此別無其(qi)他要求。
A contract is concluded, modified or terminated by the mere agreement of the parties, without any further requirement.
第3.3條 自始不能
(1)合同(tong)訂立時不(bu)能履行所承擔之義務的(de)(de)事實(shi)本身(shen)，不(bu)影響合同(tong)的(de)(de)效力。
(1) The mere fact that at the time of the conclusion of the contract the performance of the obligation assumed was impossible does not affect the validity of the contract.
(2)合(he)同(tong)訂立時一(yi)方當事人(ren)無權處置(zhi)與該合(he)同(tong)相關聯之(zhi)財產的(de)(de)事實本身，不影響(xiang)合(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)效力。
(2) The mere fact that at the time of the conclusion of the contract a party was not entitled to dispose of the assets to which the contract relates does not affect the validity of the contract.
第3.4條 錯誤的定義
錯誤(wu)是指對(dui)合同訂(ding)立(li)時已(yi)經(jing)存在的事實或法律所做的不正確的假設。
Mistake is an erroneous assumption relating to facts or to law existing when the contract was concluded.
第3.5條 相關錯誤
(1)一(yi)方當事(shi)人(ren)可因錯誤而(er)宣告(gao)合同無效，此錯誤在訂(ding)立合同時如此之(zhi)重大，以至于一(yi)個通情(qing)達理(li)的人(ren)處在與犯錯誤之(zhi)當事(shi)人(ren)的相同情(qing)況之(zhi)下，如果知道事(shi)實(shi)真相，就(jiu)會按實(shi)質不同的條款訂(ding)立合同，或根本不會訂(ding)立合同，并(bing)且
(1) A party may only avoid the contract for mistake if, when the contract was concluded, the mistake was of such importance that a reasonable person in the same situation as the party in error would only have concluded the contract on materially different terms or would not have concluded it at all if the true state of affairs had been known, and
(a)另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)當事人(ren)犯了相(xiang)同的錯(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)誤，或造成如此(ci)錯(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)誤，或者另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)當事人(ren)知道(dao)或理(li)應知道(dao)該錯(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)誤，但卻有悖于公(gong)平交(jiao)易的合理(li)商(shang)業標準，使錯(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)誤方(fang)一(yi)直處于錯(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)誤狀態(tai)之(zhi)中(zhong);或者
(a) the other party made the same mistake, or caused the mistake, or knew or ought to have known of the mistake and it was contrary to reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing to leave the mistaken party in error; or
(b)在宣(xuan)告合同無效時，另一方當事人尚未(wei)依其對合同的信賴(lai)而行事。
(b) the other party had not at the time of avoidance reasonably acted in reliance on the contract.
(2)但(dan)是，一方當事人不(bu)能宣告(gao)合同無效，如果
(2) However, a party may not avoid the contract if
(a)該當事人由于重(zhong)大疏忽而犯此(ci)錯(cuo)誤;或者
(a) it was grossly negligent in committing the mistake; or
(b)錯誤(wu)與某事(shi)實相關聯，而對于該事(shi)實發生(sheng)錯誤(wu)的風(feng)險(xian)已(yi)被設想到(dao)，或(huo)者考慮(lv)到(dao)相關情況，該錯誤(wu)的風(feng)險(xian)應(ying)當(dang)由錯誤(wu)方(fang)承擔。
(b) the mistake relates to a matter in regard to which the risk of mistake was assumed or, having regard to the circumstances, should be borne by the mistaken party.
第3.6條 表述或傳達中的錯誤
在(zai)表述(shu)或傳(chuan)達一項(xiang)聲明過程中發(fa)生的(de)(de)錯(cuo)誤應視為做(zuo)出該(gai)聲明之人的(de)(de)錯(cuo)誤。
An error occurring in the expression or transmission of a declaration is considered to be a mistake of the person from whom the declaration emanated.
第3.7條 對不履(lv)行的救濟 ARTICLE 3.7 Remedies for non-performance
一(yi)方(fang)(fang)當事人(ren)無權因(yin)錯誤宣告合同無效，如果(guo)該方(fang)(fang)當事人(ren)所依(yi)賴的情(qing)況表明對不(bu)履(lv)行可以或本來(lai)可以提供救濟。
A party is not entitled to avoid the contract on the ground of mistake if the circumstances on which that party relies afford, or could have afforded, a remedy for non-performance.
第3.8條 欺詐
一方(fang)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)人可(ke)宣告合同無效(xiao)，如果其訂立合同是基于另(ling)一方(fang)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)人的(de)欺(qi)詐(zha)(zha)性(xing)陳述，包括欺(qi)詐(zha)(zha)性(xing)的(de)語言(yan)或做法(fa)，或按照公平(ping)交(jiao)易的(de)合理(li)商業標準，該另(ling)一方(fang)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)人對應予披(pi)露(lu)的(de)情況欺(qi)詐(zha)(zha)性(xing)地未(wei)予披(pi)露(lu)。
A party may avoid the contract when it has been led to conclude the contract by the other party’s fraudulent representation, including language or practices, or fraudulent non-disclosure of circumstances which, according to reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing, the latter party should have disclosed.
第3.9條 脅迫
一(yi)方(fang)當(dang)(dang)(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)可宣告合同無效(xiao)，如(ru)果其(qi)合同的訂立(li)是因另一(yi)方(fang)當(dang)(dang)(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)的不正(zheng)當(dang)(dang)(dang)之(zhi)脅(xie)(xie)迫(po)，而(er)且考慮到在各種(zhong)情況下，該脅(xie)(xie)迫(po)如(ru)此急迫(po)、嚴重到足以使(shi)第(di)一(yi)方(fang)當(dang)(dang)(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)無其(qi)他合理(li)選擇。尤(you)其(qi)是當(dang)(dang)(dang)使(shi)一(yi)方(fang)當(dang)(dang)(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)受到脅(xie)(xie)迫(po)的作為或(huo)不作為本(ben)身屬(shu)非法，或(huo)者以其(qi)作為手(shou)段來獲取合同的訂立(li)屬(shu)非法時，均為不正(zheng)當(dang)(dang)(dang)的脅(xie)(xie)迫(po)。
A party may avoid the contract when it has been led to conclude the contract by the other party’s unjustified threat which, having regard to the circumstances, is so imminent and serious as to leave the first party no reasonable alternative. In particular, a threat is unjustified if the act or omission with which a party has been threatened is wrongful in itself, or it is wrongful to use it as a means to obtain the conclusion of the contract.
第3.10條 重大失衡
(1)在訂立合同(tong)時，合同(tong)或其個別條(tiao)款不合理(li)地對另一(yi)方(fang)當事(shi)人過分有利(li)，則一(yi)方(fang)當事(shi)人可(ke)宣告該合同(tong)或該個別條(tiao)款無效(xiao)。除其他因素(su)外(wai)，尚應考慮下列(lie)各(ge)項:
(1) A party may avoid the contract or an individual term of it if, at the time of the conclusion of the contract, the contract or term unjustifiably gave the other party an excessive advantage. Regard is to be had, among other factors, to
(a)該另一方當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)不公平地利用(yong)了對方當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)的依賴、經(jing)濟(ji)困境或緊急需要(yao)，或不正當(dang)地利用(yong)了對方當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)的缺(que)乏遠見、無(wu)知、無(wu)經(jing)驗或缺(que)乏談(tan)判技(ji)巧的事(shi)實，以及
(a) the fact that the other party has taken unfair advantage of the first party’s dependence, economic distress or urgent needs, or of its improvidence, ignorance, inexperience or lack of bargaining skill, and
(b)合同的(de)性質和目的(de)。(b) the nature and purpose of the contract.
(2)依有權宣(xuan)告合(he)同無效的(de)一(yi)方當事人的(de)請求,法(fa)院(yuan)可以(yi)修改該合(he)同或(huo)其(qi)條款，以(yi)使(shi)其(qi)符合(he)公平交易的(de)合(he)理的(de)商業標準。
(2) Upon the request of the party entitled to avoidance, a court may adapt the contract or term in order to make it accord with reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing.
(3)依收(shou)到宣告合(he)同無效通知(zhi)的一方當事(shi)人(ren)的請求，法院亦可修改合(he)同或其條款，只要該(gai)方當事(shi)人(ren)在收(shou)到此項通知(zhi)后，且(qie)在對(dui)方當事(shi)人(ren)依據(ju)該(gai)項通知(zhi)行事(shi)前，立即將其請求告知(zhi)對(dui)方當事(shi)人(ren)。本章第3.13條第(2)款的規定此時應予適(shi)用。
(3) A court may also adapt the contract or term upon the request of the party receiving notice of avoidance, provided that that party informs the other party of its request promptly after receiving such notice and before the other party has reasonably acted in reliance on it. The provisions of Article 3.13(2) apply accordingly.
第3.11條 第三人
(1)如果欺詐、脅迫、重大失衡或(huo)一(yi)方(fang)當事人(ren)的錯(cuo)誤可(ke)歸(gui)因(yin)于第(di)三人(ren)，或(huo)者該(gai)第(di)三人(ren)知道或(huo)應當知道這些(xie)情況，而該(gai)第(di)三人(ren)的行為由另一(yi)方(fang)當事人(ren)負(fu)責，則可(ke)按該(gai)另一(yi)方(fang)當事人(ren)本(ben)身所做行為或(huo)所知曉(xiao)的相(xiang)同條(tiao)件，宣告該(gai)合(he)同無效。
(1) Where fraud, threat, gross disparity or a party’s mistake is imputable to, or is known or ought to be known by, a third person for whose acts the other party is responsible, the contract may be avoided under the same conditions as if the behaviour or knowledge had been that of the party itself.
(2)如果欺(qi)(qi)詐、脅(xie)(xie)迫或(huo)(huo)重(zhong)大(da)失衡可(ke)歸(gui)因于(yu)第三人，而(er)該(gai)第三人的(de)(de)行為不由另一(yi)方當(dang)事人負責，在該(gai)另一(yi)方當(dang)事人知道或(huo)(huo)理應知道此(ci)欺(qi)(qi)詐、脅(xie)(xie)迫或(huo)(huo)重(zhong)大(da)失衡，或(huo)(huo)在宣(xuan)(xuan)告(gao)合同(tong)無效(xiao)時尚(shang)未(wei)按照(zhao)對該(gai)合同(tong)的(de)(de)信賴而(er)行事的(de)(de)情況下，則該(gai)合同(tong)可(ke)被宣(xuan)(xuan)告(gao)無效(xiao)。
(2) Where fraud, threat or gross disparity is imputable to a third person for whose acts the other party is not responsible, the contract may be avoided if that party knew or ought to have known of the fraud, threat or disparity, or has not at the time of avoidance reasonably acted in reliance on the contract.
第3.12條 確認
有權(quan)宣告合(he)同(tong)無效(xiao)的(de)(de)一方當事人(ren)如果在(zai)發(fa)出合(he)同(tong)無效(xiao)通知的(de)(de)期間開(kai)始(shi)后，又明示或默示地確(que)認(ren)合(he)同(tong)，則該(gai)方當事人(ren)不得再宣告合(he)同(tong)無效(xiao)。
If the party entitled to avoid the contract expressly or impliedly confirms the contract after the period of time for giving notice of avoidance has begun to run, avoidance of the contract is excluded.
第3.13條 喪失宣告合同無效的權利
(1)如果一方(fang)當(dang)(dang)事人有(you)(you)權(quan)因(yin)錯(cuo)誤宣告(gao)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)無(wu)效(xiao)，而另(ling)一方(fang)當(dang)(dang)事人聲明他將(jiang)愿意(yi)按或已按有(you)(you)權(quan)宣告(gao)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)無(wu)效(xiao)的一方(fang)當(dang)(dang)事人對(dui)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的理(li)解履行合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)，則該(gai)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)應視為按照該(gai)一方(fang)當(dang)(dang)事人的理(li)解已經(jing)訂立。該(gai)另(ling)一方(fang)當(dang)(dang)事人在收到(dao)有(you)(you)權(quan)宣告(gao)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)無(wu)效(xiao)的一方(fang)當(dang)(dang)事人對(dui)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的理(li)解方(fang)式的通知后(hou)，而且在該(gai)一方(fang)當(dang)(dang)事人依(yi)據(ju)宣告(gao)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)無(wu)效(xiao)通知合(he)(he)(he)理(li)行事之前，必須立即做出此種聲明或進(jin)行此種履行。
(1) If a party is entitled to avoid the contract for mistake but the other party declares itself willing to perform or performs the contract as it was understood by the party entitled to avoidance, the contract is considered to have been concluded as the latter party understood it. The other party must make such a declaration or render such performance promptly after having been informed of the manner in which the party entitled to avoidance had understood the contract and before that party has reasonably acted in reliance on a notice of avoidance.
(2)在做(zuo)出此種聲明(ming)或履行之(zhi)后，宣(xuan)(xuan)告(gao)合同(tong)無(wu)(wu)效的(de)權利即行喪(sang)失(shi)，任何以前(qian)宣(xuan)(xuan)告(gao)合同(tong)無(wu)(wu)效的(de)通(tong)知均喪(sang)失(shi)效力(li)。
(2) After such a declaration or performance the right to avoidance is lost and any earlier notice of avoidance is ineffective.
第3.14條 宣告合同無效的通知
一(yi)方(fang)當事人(ren)通(tong)過向另一(yi)方(fang)當事人(ren)發出(chu)通(tong)知(zhi)行使其宣告合同無效的權利。
The right of a party to avoid the contract is exercised by notice to the other party.
第3.15條 時間期限
(1)考慮到各種(zhong)情況，宣告(gao)(gao)合(he)同(tong)無效的通知(zhi)，應在宣告(gao)(gao)合(he)同(tong)無效的一方當事人已知(zhi)或不可能不知(zhi)道(dao)有(you)關事實或者在其可以(yi)自由行事之后的一段(duan)合(he)理時間內做出。
(1) Notice of avoidance shall be given within a reasonable time, having regard to the circumstances, after the avoiding party knew or could not have been unaware of the relevant facts or became capable of acting freely.
(2)如果(guo)一方當事(shi)人根據第3.10條(tiao)的(de)規定有權宣告合(he)同(tong)中的(de)個別條(tiao)款無效(xiao)，則宣告合(he)同(tong)無效(xiao)通知的(de)期限(xian)自另一方當事(shi)人堅持該條(tiao)款之時開始(shi)。
(2) Where an individual term of the contract may be avoided by a party under Article 3.10, the period of time for giving notice of avoidance begins to run when that term is asserted by the other party.
第3.16條 部分無效
如果宣告合同無效(xiao)的理由(you)僅(jin)影響合同的個(ge)別條(tiao)款(kuan)，則宣告合同無效(xiao)的效(xiao)力僅(jin)限于這些條(tiao)款(kuan)，除非(fei)考慮(lv)到各種情況，維(wei)持合同的其余部分是(shi)不(bu)合理的。
Where a ground of avoidance affects only individual terms of the contract, the effect of avoidance is limited to those terms unless, having regard to the circumstances, it is unreasonable to uphold the remaining contract.
第3.17條 宣告合同無效的追溯力
(1)宣(xuan)告(gao)合同無效具有追溯力。(1) Avoidance takes effect retroactively.
(2)宣(xuan)(xuan)告合(he)同(tong)無(wu)效后(hou)，任(ren)何一方當事人可要(yao)求返(fan)還(huan)其依據(ju)已被宣(xuan)(xuan)告無(wu)效的(de)(de)合(he)同(tong)或(huo)部分合(he)同(tong)所(suo)提(ti)供的(de)(de)一切(qie)，但(dan)要(yao)以該(gai)方當事人也同(tong)時(shi)返(fan)還(huan)其依據(ju)已被宣(xuan)(xuan)告無(wu)效的(de)(de)合(he)同(tong)或(huo)部分合(he)同(tong)所(suo)得到的(de)(de)一切(qie)為條件(jian)，或(huo)者如雖不能返(fan)還(huan)實(shi)物，但(dan)對(dui)其所(suo)得之(zhi)物給予補(bu)償(chang)。
(2) On avoidance either party may claim restitution of whatever it has supplied under the contract or the part of it avoided, provided that it concurrently makes restitution of whatever it has received under the contract or the part of it avoided or, if it cannot make restitution in kind, it makes an allowance for what it has received.
第3.18條 損害賠償
無論是否宣(xuan)告合(he)同(tong)無效，已知(zhi)或理(li)應(ying)知(zhi)道合(he)同(tong)無效理(li)由(you)的(de)一方當(dang)事人(ren)應(ying)承擔損害賠償的(de)責任，以使另一方當(dang)事人(ren)處(chu)于(yu)如同(tong)其(qi)未訂立合(he)同(tong)的(de)地位(wei)。
Irrespective of whether or not the contract has been avoided, the party who knew or ought to have known of the ground for avoidance is liable for damages so as to put the other party in the same position in which it would have been if it had not concluded the contract.
第3.19條 本章條款的強制性
本章的各項規定具(ju)有強制(zhi)性，但(dan)那些有關協議的約(yue)束力、自始(shi)不能(neng)或(huo)錯誤的規定除外。
The provisions of this Chapter are mandatory, except insofar as they relate to the binding force of mere agreement, initial impossibility or mistake.
第3.20條 單方聲明
本章各項規定在適當(dang)修(xiu)改后，適用于一方當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)向另一方當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)傳達的任(ren)何(he)意思(si)表(biao)示。
The provisions of this Chapter apply with appropriate adaptations to any communication of intention addressed by one party to the other.
