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做專業的人工翻譯服務
Since 2013
138-5518-3337王經理（全天候）
Principles of International Commercial Contracts
國際統一私法協會國際商事合同通則
第(di)一章 總則GENERAL PROVISIONS
第1.1條締約自由
第1.2條無形式要求
第1.3條合同的約束性
第1.4條 強制性規則 ARTICLE 1.4Mandatory rules
第1.5條 當事人的排除或修改
第(di)1.6條 通則的解釋和補充 ARTICLE 1.6 Interpretation and supplementation of the Principles
第(di)1.7條 誠實信(xin)用和公平交易 ARTICLE 1.7 Good faith and fair dealing
第1.8條 不一(yi)致行為 ARTICLE 1.8 Inconsistent Behaviour
第1.9條 慣例和習慣做法 ARTICLE 1.9 Usages and practices
第1.10條(tiao) 通(tong)知 ARTICLE 1.10 Notice
第1.11條 定義(yi) ARTICLE 1.11 Definitions
第1.12條(tiao) 當(dang)事人(ren)規定(ding)的時間(jian)的計算 ARTICLE 1.12 Computation of time set by parties
第(di)二章 合同的(de)訂(ding)立與代理人的(de)權限
CHAPTER 2 — FORMATION AND AUTHORITY OF AGENTS
第一節 合同的訂(ding)立SECTION 1: FORMATION
第2.1.1條 訂立的形式
第2.1.2條 要約的定義
第2.1.3條 要約的撤回
第2.1.4條 要約的撤銷
第2.1.5條 要約的拒絕
第2.1.6條 承諾的方式
第2.1.7條 承諾的時間
第2.1.8條 規定期限內的承諾
第2.1.9條 逾期承諾與傳遞遲延
第2.1.10條 承諾的撤回
第2.1.11條 變更的承諾
第2.1.12條 書面確認
第2.1.13條合同的訂立基于對特定事項或特定形式的協議
第2.1.14條 特意待定的合同條款
第2.1.15條 惡意談判
第2.1.16條 保密義務
第2.1.17條 合并條款
第2.1.18條 特定形式修改
第2.1.19條 按標準條款訂立合同 ARTICLE 2.1.19
第2.1.20條 意外條款
第2.1.21條 標準條款與非標準條款的沖突
ARTICLE 2.1.21 Conflict between standard terms and non-standard terms
第2.1.22條 格式合同之爭
第二(er)節 代理人的權限SECTION 2: AUTHORITY OF AGENTS
第2.2.1條 本節的范圍
第2.2.2條 代(dai)理(li)人(ren)權限(xian)的確立和范圍
ARTICLE 2.2.2 Establishment and scope of the authority of the agent
第2.2.3條 顯名代理
第2.2.4條 隱名代理
第2.2.5條 代理人無權或越權行事
ARTICLE 2.2.5 Agent acting without or exceeding its authority
第2.2.6條 代理(li)人無權或越(yue)權行事(shi)的(de)責任
第2.2.7條 利益沖突
第2.2.8條 次代理
第2.2.9條 追認
第2.2.10條 代理權終止 ARTICLE 2.2.10
第(di)三章 合同(tong)的效力CHAPTER 3 — VALIDITY
第3.1條(tiao) 未涉(she)及事項 ARTICLE 3.1(Matters not covered)
第3.2條 協議的效力
第3.3條 自始不能
第3.4條 錯誤的定義
第3.5條 相關錯誤
第3.6條 表述或傳達中的錯誤
第3.7條(tiao) 對不履(lv)行的救濟 ARTICLE 3.7 Remedies for non-performance
第3.8條 欺詐
第3.9條 脅迫
第3.10條 重大失衡
第3.11條 第三人
第3.12條 確認
第3.13條 喪失宣告合同無效的權利
第3.14條 宣告合同無效的通知
第3.15條 時間期限
第3.16條 部分無效
第3.17條 宣告合同無效的追溯力
第3.18條 損害賠償
第3.19條 本章條款的強制性
第3.20條 單方聲明
第四(si)章 合同(tong)的解釋CHAPTER 4 — INTERPRETATION
第4.1條 當事人的意思
第4.2條 對(dui)陳述(shu)和其他行為的解(jie)釋
第4.3條 相關情況
第4.4條 合同或陳述作為整體考慮
ARTICLE 4.4 Reference to contract or statement as a whole
第4.5條 給予所有條款以效力
第4.6條 對條款提議人不利規則
第4.7條 語言差異
第4.8條 補充空缺條款
第五章 合同的(de)內(nei)容與第三方(fang)權利CHAPTER 5 — CONTENT AND THIRD PARTY RIGHTS
第一節 合同的內(nei)容SECTION 1: CONTENT
第5.1.1條 明示和默示的義務
第5.1.2條 默示的義務
第5.1.3條 事人之間的合作
第5.1.5條確定所涉義務的種類
第5.1.6條確定履行的質量
第5.1.7條 價格的確定
第5.1.8條 無固定期限的合同
第5.1.9條 通過協議放棄權利
第二節 第三方(fang)權利SECTION 2: THIRD PARTY RIGHTS
第5.2.1條 第三方受益的合同
第5.2.2條 可確定的第三方
第5.2.3條 排除和限制條款
第5.2.4條 抗辯
第5.2.5條 撤銷
第5.2.6條 放棄權利
第六(liu)章 履行(xing)CHAPTER 6 — PERFORMANCE
第一節 履行的一般規定SECTION 1: PERFORMANCE IN GENERAL
第6.1.1條 履行時間
第6.1.2條 一次或分期履行
第6.1.4條 履行順序
第6.1.5條 提前履行
第6.1.6條 履行地
第6.1.7條 以支票或其他票據付款
第6.1.8條 轉賬支付
第6.1.9條 付款貨幣
第6.1.10條 未規定貨幣
第6.1.11條 履行費用
第6.1.12條 指定清償
第6.1.13條 非金錢債務的指定清償
ARTICLE 6.1.13 Imputation of non-monetary obligations
第6.1.14條 申請公共許可
第6.1.15條 申請許可的程序
第6.1.16條 許可既未獲批準又未遭拒絕
ARTICLE 6.1.16 Permission neither granted nor refused
第6.1.17條 拒絕許可
第二(er)節(jie):艱難(nan)情形SECTION 2: HARDSHIP
第6.2.1條 合同必須遵守
第6.2.2條 艱難情形的定義
第(di)七章 不履行CHAPTER 7 — NON-PERFORMANCE
第一(yi)節 不履(lv)行的一(yi)般規定(ding)SECTION 1: NON-PERFORMANCE IN GENERAL
第7.1.1條 不履行的定義
第7.1.2條
第7.1.3條 停止履行
第7.1.4條 不履行方的補救
第7.1.5條 履行的額外期間
第7.1.6條 免責條款
第7.1.7條 不可抗力
第二節 要求履行的(de)權利SECTION 2: RIGHT TO PERFORMANCE
第7.2.1條 金錢債務的履行
第7.2.2條 非金錢債務的履行
第7.2.3條 對瑕(xia)疵履行(xing)的修補(bu)和(he)替換
ARTICLE 7.2.3 Repair and replacement of defective performance
第7.2.4條 法院判決的罰金
第7.2.5條 救濟的變更
第(di)三(san)節(jie) 合同的終止SECTION 3: TERMINATION
第7.3.1條 終止合同的權利
第7.3.2條 終止通知
第7.3.3條 預期不履行
第7.3.4條 如約履行的充分保證
第7.3.5條 終止合同的一般效果
第7.3.6條 恢復原狀
第四節 損害(hai)賠償SECTION 4: DAMAGES
第7.4.1條(tiao) 損害賠(pei)償的權利 ARTICLE 7.4.1 Right to damages
第7.4.2條 賠償
第7.4.3條 損害的確定
第7.4.4條 損害的可預見性
第7.4.5條 存在替代交易情況時的損害證明
ARTICLE 7.4.5 Proof of harm in case of replacement transaction
第7.4.6條 依時價確定損害的證明
第7.4.7條 部分歸咎于受損害方的損害
第7.4.8條 損害的減輕
第7.4.9條 未付金錢債務的利息
第7.4.10條 損害賠償的利息
第7.4.11條 金錢賠償的方式
第7.4.12條 估算損害賠償金的貨幣
第7.4.13條 對不履行所約定的付款
第八章 抵銷CHAPTER 8 — SET-OFF
第8.1條 抵銷的條件
第8.2條 外匯抵銷
第8.3條 抵銷通知
第8.4條 通知的內容
第8.5條 抵銷的效力
第九章 權利的(de)轉(zhuan)讓、債(zhai)務的(de)轉(zhuan)移、合同的(de)轉(zhuan)讓
CHAPTER 9 — ASSIGNMENT OF RIGHTS, TRANSFER OF OBLIGATIONS,
ASSIGNMENT OF CONTRACTS
第一節 權利的轉讓SECTION 1: ASSIGNMENT OF RIGHTS
第9.1.1條 定義
第9.1.2條 排除適用
第9.1.3條 非金錢權利的轉讓
第9.1.4條 部分轉讓
第9.1.5條 未來權利
第9.1.6條 未逐(zhu)一(yi)指(zhi)明的(de)(de)權(quan)利的(de)(de)轉讓
ARTICLE 9.1.6 Rights assigned without individual specification
第(di)9.1.7條 讓(rang)(rang)與(yu)人和(he)受(shou)讓(rang)(rang)人協議(yi)即可(ke)轉讓(rang)(rang)
ARTICLE 9.1.7 Agreement between assignor and assignee sufficient
第9.1.8條 債務人的額外成本
第9.1.9條 非轉讓條款
第9.1.10條 通知債務人
第9.1.11條 連續轉讓
第9.1.12條 轉讓的充分證據
第9.1.13條 抗辯權和抵銷權
第9.1.14條 與權利轉讓相關之權利
第9.1.15條 讓與人的擔保
第(di)二節:債務的轉移SECTION 2: TRANSFER OF OBLIGATIONS
第9.2.1條 轉移的模式
第9.2.2條 排除適用
第9.2.3條 對債權人轉移同意的要求
ARTICLE 9.2.3 Requirement of obligee’s consent to transfer
第9.2.4條 債權人的預先同意
第9.2.5條 原債務人債務的解除
第9.2.6條 第三方履行
第9.2.7條 抗辯和抵銷權
第9.2.8條 與被轉移債務相關的權利
ARTICLE 9.2.8 Rights related to the obligation transferred
第(di)三節 合同的轉讓SECTION 3: ASSIGNMENT OF CONTRACTS
第9.3.1條 定義
第9.3.2條 排除適用
第9.3.3條 另一方當事人同意的要求
ARTICLE 9.3.3 Requirement of consent of the other party
第9.3.4條 另一方當事人的預先同意
第9.3.5條 讓與人債務的解除
第9.3.6條 抗辯和抵銷權
第9.3.7條 隨合同轉讓的權利
第十章 時效期間(jian)CHAPTER 10 — LIMITATION PERIODS
第10.1條 本章范圍
第10.2條 時效期間
第10.3條 當事人對時效期間的修改
ARTICLE 10.3 Modification of limitation periods by the parties
第10.5條 因司法程序而中止
第10.6條 因仲裁程序而中止
第10.7條 替代性爭議解決機制
第10.8條 因(yin)不可抗(kang)力(li)、死亡或無行為能力(li)而中止(zhi)
ARTICLE 10.8 Suspension in case of force majeure, death or incapacity
第10.9條 時效期間屆滿的效力
ARTICLE 10.9 The effects of expiration of limitation period
第10.10條 抵銷權
第10.11條 返還
序言PREAMBLE
通則的目的
通(tong)則旨(zhi)在為國(guo)際商事合(he)同制定(ding)一般規則。
These Principles set forth general rules for international commercial contracts.
在當事人約定其合同受通則管轄(xia)時，應適(shi)用通則。.
They shall be applied when the parties have agreed that their contract be governed by them.(*)
在當事(shi)人(ren)約定其合同受法律的一(yi)般原則、商人(ren)習慣(guan)法或類似措辭管(guan)轄時，可(ke)適用通則。
They may be applied when the parties have agreed that their contract be governed by general principles of law, the lex mercatoria or the like.
在(zai)當(dang)事(shi)人未選擇任何(he)法律管(guan)轄其合同時，可(ke)適用通則。
They may be applied when the parties have not chosen any law to govern their contract.
通則(ze)可用于解釋或補(bu)充國(guo)際統一法文件。
They may be used to interpret or supplement international uniform law instruments.
通則可用于解(jie)釋或(huo)補充國內(nei)法。
They may be used to interpret or supplement domestic law.
通則(ze)也可作為國(guo)內和國(guo)際(ji)立法的范(fan)本。
They may serve as a model for national and international legislators.
(*)希望在(zai)合同中規(gui)定其協議(yi)受《通則》管轄的當事人(ren)可以使用如下表述，并(bing)加上任何(he)希望的例外或調整(zheng):
(*)Parties wishing to provide that their agreement be governed by the Principles might use the following words, adding any desired exceptions or modifications:
“本合同(tong)應(ying)受《國(guo)際(ji)統一私(si)法協會國(guo)際(ji)商(shang)事合同(tong)通則》(2004)管轄(xia)，[除了某條(tiao)款]。”
“This contract shall be governed by the UNIDROIT Principles(2004)[except as to Articles …]”.
希望在合同中(zhong)規定適用某一特(te)定的(de)轄(xia)區(qu)法律的(de)當(dang)事人，可以使用如下表述:
Parties wishing to provide in addition for the application of the law of a particular jurisdiction might use the following words:
“本合同(tong)(tong)應受《國(guo)際統一私法協(xie)會國(guo)際商事合同(tong)(tong)通則》(2004)管轄[除了某條(tiao)款]，
必要時由【X管轄區】的法(fa)律補(bu)充(chong)。”
“This contract shall be governed by the UNIDROIT Principles(2004)[except as to Articles…],
supplemented when necessary by the law of [jurisdiction X].
第一章 總 則CHAPTER 1 — GENERAL PROVISIONS
第1.1條(tiao)締約(yue)自(zi)由 ARTICLE 1.1 Freedom of contract
當(dang)事人可自由訂立(li)合(he)同并確(que)定合(he)同的內容。
The parties are free to enter into a contract and to determine its content.
第1.2條無形式要求 ARTICLE 1.2 No form required
通則不要求(qiu)合(he)同、聲明(ming)或其他任何行為必須以特定形(xing)(xing)式(shi)作出或以特定形(xing)(xing)式(shi)證明(ming)。合(he)同可通過包括證人(ren)在內的任何形(xing)(xing)式(shi)證明(ming)。
Nothing in these Principles requires a contract, statement or any other act to be made in or evidenced by a particular form. It may be proved by any means, including witnesses.
第1.3條合同的約束性
有效訂立的(de)(de)合(he)同對當(dang)事人均具有約束力。當(dang)事人僅能(neng)根據(ju)合(he)同的(de)(de)條款，或(huo)通過協(xie)議，或(huo)根據(ju)通則的(de)(de)規定修改(gai)或(huo)終止合(he)同。
A contract validly entered into is binding upon the parties. It can only be modified or terminated in accordance with its terms or by agreement or as otherwise provided in these Principles.
第(di)1.4條(tiao) 強制性規(gui)則 ARTICLE 1.4Mandatory rules
通則(ze)的(de)任何規定都不應限制(zhi)根據(ju)國際(ji)私法(fa)有(you)關規則(ze)導致的(de)強(qiang)制(zhi)性(xing)規則(ze)的(de)適(shi)用，且不論這些強(qiang)制(zhi)性(xing)規則(ze)是(shi)(shi)源于國內的(de)、國際(ji)的(de)還是(shi)(shi)超國家的(de)。
Nothing in these Principles shall restrict the application of mandatory rules, whether of national, international or supranational origin, which are applicable in accordance with the relevant rules of private international law.
第1.5條 當事人的排除或修改
除通(tong)則另有規定(ding)外，當事人可(ke)以(yi)排除通(tong)則的(de)適用，或者減損(sun)或改變通(tong)則任何條款的(de)效力。
The parties may exclude the application of these Principles or derogate from or vary the effect of any of their provisions, except as otherwise provided in the Principles.
第1.6條 通則的解釋和補充(chong) ARTICLE 1.6 Interpretation and supplementation of the Principles
(1)在(zai)解釋通則時(shi)，應考慮通則的國際性及其(qi)目的，包括促進其(qi)統一適用(yong)的需(xu)要。
(1) In the interpretation of these Principles, regard is to be had to their international character and to their purposes including the need to promote uniformity in their application.
(2)凡屬于通則范圍之(zhi)內但又未被通則明確規(gui)定的問題，應盡可能(neng)地根據通則確定的一般基本原則來處理。
(2) Issues within the scope of these Principles but not expressly settled by them are as far as possible to be settled in accordance with their underlying general principles.
第1.7條(tiao) 誠實信用(yong)和公平交易(yi) ARTICLE 1.7 Good faith and fair dealing
(1)在(zai)國際貿易(yi)中，每(mei)一(yi)方當(dang)事人應依(yi)據誠實信用(yong)和公平交易(yi)的原則行事。
(1) Each party must act in accordance with good faith and fair dealing in international trade.
(2)當事人(ren)不(bu)能排除或(huo)限制此項義(yi)務(wu)。
(2) The parties may not exclude or limit this duty.
第1.8條 不一(yi)致行為 ARTICLE 1.8 Inconsistent Behaviour
如果(guo)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)使(shi)得另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)產生(sheng)某種理(li)解，且該(gai)另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)依賴該(gai)理(li)解合理(li)行事(shi)，并對自己(ji)造(zao)成不利后果(guo)，則(ze)該(gai)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)不得以(yi)與該(gai)另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)理(li)解不一(yi)致的方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)式行事(shi)。
A party cannot act inconsistently with an understanding it has caused the other party to have and upon which that other party reasonably has acted in reliance to its detriment.
第1.9條 慣例和(he)習慣做法 ARTICLE 1.9 Usages and practices
(1)當事人各方(fang)受其業已(yi)約定的任(ren)何慣例和其相互之間業已(yi)建立的任(ren)何習慣做法的約束。
(1) The parties are bound by any usage to which they have agreed and by any practices which they have established between themselves.
(2)在特(te)定(ding)的(de)有(you)關(guan)貿易中的(de)合同當事(shi)人(ren)，應受國際(ji)貿易中廣泛知悉并慣(guan)常(chang)遵守(shou)的(de)慣(guan)例(li)的(de)約束，除非該慣(guan)例(li)的(de)適用為不合理(li)。
(2) The parties are bound by a usage that is widely known to and regularly observed in international trade by parties in the particular trade concerned except where the application of such a usage would be unreasonable.
第(di)1.10條 通知 ARTICLE 1.10 Notice
(1)在需(xu)要發(fa)出通知時(shi)，通知可(ke)以適(shi)合(he)于具體情況的任何方式發(fa)出。
(1) Where notice is required it may be given by any means appropriate to the circumstances.
(2)通知于(yu)送達被通知人(ren)時生效。
(2) A notice is effective when it reaches the person to whom it is given.
(3)就第(2)款而言，通(tong)(tong)知于口頭傳達被通(tong)(tong)知人或遞送(song)到被通(tong)(tong)知人的營業地(di)或通(tong)(tong)訊地(di)址時(shi)，為通(tong)(tong)知“送(song)達”被通(tong)(tong)知人。
(3) For the purpose of paragraph(2) a notice “reaches” a person when given to that person orally or delivered at that person’s place of business or mailing address.
(4)就本條而言，通知包括聲明、要求、請求或(huo)任何其他意(yi)思的表(biao)述。
(4) For the purpose of this article “notice” includes a declaration, demand, request or any other communication of intention.
第1.11條 定義(yi) ARTICLE 1.11 Definitions
通則中:In these Principles
“writing” means any mode of communication that preserves a record of the information contained there in and is capable of being reproduced in tangible form.
第1.12條 當事人規定的時間的計算 ARTICLE 1.12 Computation of time set by parties
(1)發(fa)生(sheng)在由當事人(ren)規定(ding)的履行(xing)某一行(xing)為的期(qi)間內(nei)的法定(ding)節(jie)假日或非工(gong)作日應(ying)包括(kuo)在期(qi)間的計(ji)算之內(nei)。
(1) Official holidays or non-business days occurring during a period set by parties for an act to be performed are included in calculating the period.
(2)然而，如(ru)果期間的(de)最后一天在履行(xing)該(gai)行(xing)為之(zhi)當事(shi)人的(de)營業地是法定節假日或非工作日，該(gai)期間可順(shun)延至隨后的(de)第一個(ge)工作日，除非情況(kuang)有(you)相(xiang)反的(de)表示。
(2) However, if the last day of the period is an official holiday or a non-business day at the place of business of the party to perform the act, the period is extended until the first business day which follows, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
(3)相(xiang)關的時區(qu)是設定時間的當事(shi)人營業地的時區(qu)，除非情(qing)況(kuang)有相(xiang)反的表示。
(3) The relevant time zone is that of the place of business of the party setting the time, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
第二(er)章 合同的訂立與代(dai)理人(ren)的權限(xian)
CHAPTER 2 — FORMATION AND AUTHORITY OF AGENTS
第(di)一(yi)節 合(he)同(tong)的訂立SECTION 1: FORMATION
第2.1.1條 訂立的形式
合同可通過(guo)對要約(yue)的(de)承諾或(huo)通過(guo)能充(chong)分表明當事人各(ge)方合意的(de)行為(wei)而成立。
A contract may be concluded either by the acceptance of an offer or by conduct of the parties that is sufficient to show agreement.
第2.1.2條 要約的定義
一項訂(ding)立合同的建議，如果十分確定，并表(biao)明要(yao)約人(ren)在得到承諾時受(shou)其約束的意(yi)旨，即構成一項要(yao)約。
A proposal for concluding a contract constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance.
第2.1.3條 要約的撤回
(1)要約(yue)于(yu)送達受要約(yue)人時生效;
(1) An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree.
(2)一項要約(yue)即使(shi)是不可撤(che)銷的，也可以撤(che)回，如果撤(che)回通知在要約(yue)送達受要約(yue)人之前(qian)或與要約(yue)同時送達受要約(yue)人。
(2) An offer, even if it is irrevocable, may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeree before or at the same time as the offer.
第2.1.4條 要約的撤銷
(1)在合(he)同訂立之前，要約得予撤銷(xiao)，如果撤銷(xiao)通知(zhi)在受(shou)要約人發出承(cheng)諾之前送達受(shou)要約人。
(1) Until a contract is concluded an offer may be revoked if the revocation reaches the offeree before it has dispatched an acceptance.
(2)但是，在下列情況下，要約不得撤銷:
(a)要(yao)約寫明(ming)(ming)承諾的(de)期限，或以其他方(fang)式(shi)表明(ming)(ming)要(yao)約是不可撤銷的(de);或
(a) if it indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable; or
(b)受要(yao)約(yue)人(ren)有理由(you)信賴(lai)該項要(yao)約(yue)是不可撤銷的，且受要(yao)約(yue)人(ren)已依賴(lai)該要(yao)約(yue)行事。
(b) if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer.
第2.1.5條 要約的拒絕
要(yao)約于拒絕通(tong)知送達要(yao)約人(ren)時(shi)終止(zhi)。
An offer is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror.
第2.1.6條 承諾的方式
(1)受要(yao)約人做出的(de)聲明或(huo)表示(shi)同意一項要(yao)約的(de)其他(ta)行為(wei)構(gou)成承諾。緘(jian)默或(huo)不(bu)(bu)行為(wei)本身(shen)不(bu)(bu)構(gou)成承諾。
(1) A statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating assent to an offer is an acceptance. Silence or inactivity does not in itself amount to acceptance.
(2)對一(yi)項要(yao)約(yue)(yue)的承諾于同意的表示送達要(yao)約(yue)(yue)人時生效。
(2) An acceptance of an offer becomes effective when the indication of assent reaches the offeror.
(3)但是，如果(guo)根據要約本身，或依照當(dang)事人(ren)之間建立的習慣做(zuo)法或依照慣例(li)，受要約人(ren)可以通過(guo)做(zuo)出某行(xing)為來表示同(tong)意，而無須向要約人(ren)發(fa)出通知，則承諾于做(zuo)出該行(xing)為時生效。
(3) However, if, by virtue of the offer or as a result of practices which the parties have established between themselves or of usage, the offeree may indicate assent by performing an act without notice to the offeror, the acceptance is effective when the act is performed.
第2.1.7條 承諾的時間
要約(yue)必(bi)(bi)須(xu)(xu)在(zai)要約(yue)人(ren)規(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)時間(jian)內承(cheng)諾;或者如果未規(gui)定(ding)時間(jian)，應(ying)在(zai)考慮(lv)了交易的(de)(de)具體情況，包(bao)括要約(yue)人(ren)所使用的(de)(de)通訊方法的(de)(de)快捷程(cheng)度的(de)(de)一段合理的(de)(de)時間(jian)內做出承(cheng)諾。對口頭要約(yue)必(bi)(bi)須(xu)(xu)立即做出承(cheng)諾，除非(fei)情況有相反(fan)的(de)(de)表示(shi)。
An offer must be accepted within the time the offeror has fixed or, if no time is fixed, within a reasonable time having regard to the circumstances, including the rapidity of the means of communication employed by the offeror. An oral offer must be accepted immediately unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
第2.1.8條 規定期限內的承諾
要約(yue)人規定的(de)承諾期(qi)限(xian)自(zi)要約(yue)發出(chu)時(shi)起算。要約(yue)中表示(shi)的(de)日期(qi)應(ying)被視為是要約(yue)發出(chu)的(de)時(shi)間，除(chu)非情況有相反的(de)表示(shi)。
A period of acceptance fixed by the offeror begins to run from the time that the offer is dispatched. A time indicated in the offer is deemed to be the time of dispatch unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
第2.1.9條 逾期承諾與傳遞遲延
(1)逾期承諾仍應(ying)具有(you)承諾的效力(li)，但(dan)要(yao)約人(ren)應(ying)毫不遲延地告知(zhi)受要(yao)約人(ren)該承諾具有(you)效力(li)或就(jiu)此向受要(yao)約人(ren)發出通知(zhi)。
(1) A late acceptance is nevertheless effective as an acceptance if without undue delay the offeror so informs the offeree or gives notice to that effect.
(2)如果載有(you)逾期承(cheng)(cheng)諾的信息表明它是(shi)在如果傳遞正常即(ji)能及時被送達要約(yue)人的情況下發出的，則該(gai)逾期的承(cheng)(cheng)諾仍具有(you)承(cheng)(cheng)諾的效(xiao)力，除非要約(yue)人毫不遲延地通知受要約(yue)人此要約(yue)已(yi)失效(xiao)。
(2) If a communication containing a late acceptance shows that it has been sent in such circumstances that if its transmission had been normal it would have reached the offeror in due time, the late acceptance is effective as an acceptance unless, without undue delay, the offeror informs the offeree that it considers the offer as having lapsed.
第2.1.10條 承諾的撤回
承(cheng)諾可以(yi)撤回(hui)，只要撤回(hui)通知在承(cheng)諾本應生效之前(qian)或同時送達(da)要約人(ren)。
An acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective.
第2.1.11條 變更的承諾
(1)對要(yao)約意在表示承諾但(dan)載有添加、限制(zhi)或其他變(bian)更(geng)的(de)答復，即為對要(yao)約的(de)拒絕，并構成反要(yao)約。
(1)A reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additions, limitations or other modifications is a rejection of the offer and constitutes a counter-offer.
(2)但是，對(dui)要約(yue)(yue)意在(zai)表示承諾但載(zai)有添(tian)加，或(huo)不(bu)同條(tiao)件(jian)的答(da)復，如(ru)果所載(zai)的添(tian)加或(huo)不(bu)同條(tiao)件(jian)沒有實質性地改變要約(yue)(yue)的條(tiao)件(jian)，那么，除非(fei)要約(yue)(yue)人毫不(bu)遲(chi)延地表示拒絕這些不(bu)符(fu)，則此答(da)復仍構成承諾。如(ru)果要約(yue)(yue)人不(bu)做出拒絕，則合同的條(tiao)款應以(yi)該項(xiang)要約(yue)(yue)的條(tiao)款以(yi)及(ji)承諾通(tong)知中(zhong)所載(zai)有的變更為準。
(2) However, a reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additional or different terms which do not materially alter the terms of the offer constitutes an acceptance, unless the offeror, without undue delay, objects to the discrepancy. If the offeror does not object, the terms of the contract are the terms of the offer with the modifications contained in the acceptance.
第2.1.12條 書面確認
在合同(tong)(tong)訂立后(hou)一段合理時間(jian)內發出的(de)(de)意在確認合同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)書面文件(jian)，如果載有添加或不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)條款，除(chu)非這些添加或不同(tong)(tong)條款實質性地變(bian)更了合同(tong)(tong)，或者接收方毫(hao)不遲延(yan)地拒絕了這些不符，則這些條款應構成合同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)一個(ge)組成部分(fen)。
If a writing which is sent within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract and which purports to be a confirmation of the contract contains additional or different terms, such terms become part of the contract, unless they materially alter the contract or the recipient, without undue delay, objects to the discrepancy.
第2.1.13條 合同的訂立基于(yu)對特(te)定事項(xiang)或特(te)定形式(shi)的協(xie)議
ARTICLE 2.1.13 Conclusion of contract dependent on agreement on specific matters or in a particular form
在談判過程中，凡(fan)一方當事(shi)人堅持合同(tong)(tong)的訂立以對特(te)定(ding)事(shi)項或(huo)以特(te)定(ding)形式達成協議為條件的，則在對這些(xie)特(te)定(ding)事(shi)項或(huo)形式達成協議之前，合同(tong)(tong)不能(neng)訂立。
Where in the course of negotiations one of the parties insists that the contract is not concluded until there is agreement on specific matters or in a particular form, no contract is concluded before agreement is reached on those matters or in that form.
第2.1.14條 特意待定的合同條款
(1)如(ru)果(guo)當(dang)事人各方意(yi)在訂立一(yi)(yi)(yi)項合同(tong)，但(dan)卻有意(yi)將(jiang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)項條款留待進一(yi)(yi)(yi)步談判商定或(huo)由第三人確定，則這一(yi)(yi)(yi)事實并不妨礙合同(tong)的成立。
(1) If the parties intend to conclude a contract, the fact that they intentionally leave a term to be agreed upon in further negotiations or to be determined by a third person does not prevent a contract from coming into existence.
(2)考慮到(dao)當事(shi)人各方(fang)的(de)意思(si)，如果在具體情(qing)(qing)況下存(cun)在一種可選擇的(de)合理方(fang)法來確定此條款，則合同的(de)存(cun)在不受此后發生的(de)下列情(qing)(qing)況的(de)影響(xiang):
(2) The existence of the contract is not affected by the fact that subsequently
(a)當事人各方未就該條款達成協議;或
(b)第三人(ren)未確定此條款。
(b) the third person does not determine the term, provided that there is an alternative means of rendering the term definite that is reasonable in the circumstances, having regard to the intention of the parties.
第2.1.15條 惡意談判
(1)當(dang)事(shi)人可自由進行談判，并對未達成協議不承擔責(ze)任;
(1) A party is free to negotiate and is not liable for failure to reach an agreement.
(2)但(dan)是，一(yi)方當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)如果惡(e)意進(jin)行談判或(huo)惡(e)意終止談判，則(ze)該(gai)方當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)應(ying)對(dui)因(yin)此(ci)給另一(yi)方當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)所造成的損失承擔責(ze)任;
(2) However, a party who negotiates or breaks off negotiations in bad faith is liable for the losses caused to the other party.
(3)惡意，特別(bie)是指一方當事(shi)人在無意與(yu)對方達(da)成協議的情況下(xia)，開始或繼續進行談判。
(3) It is bad faith, in particular, for a party to enter into or continue negotiations when intending not to reach an agreement with the other party.
第2.1.16條 保密義務
在談判(pan)過程中，一方(fang)(fang)當(dang)事人(ren)以保密性質(zhi)提(ti)供的信(xin)息(xi)，無(wu)論此后是否(fou)達成合同(tong)，另一方(fang)(fang)當(dang)事人(ren)有(you)義(yi)務(wu)不(bu)予泄(xie)露，也不(bu)得為自己(ji)的目的不(bu)適(shi)當(dang)地(di)使用這些信(xin)息(xi)。在適(shi)當(dang)的情況(kuang)下，違反該義(yi)務(wu)的救濟可以包括根據另一方(fang)(fang)當(dang)事人(ren)泄(xie)露該信(xin)息(xi)所獲(huo)得之利(li)益(yi)予以賠償。
Where information is given as confidential by one party in the course of negotiations, the other party is under a duty not to disclose that information or to use it improperly for its own purposes, whether or not a contract is subsequently concluded. Where appropriate, the remedy for breach of that duty may include compensation based on the benefit received by the other party.
第2.1.17條 合并條款
若(ruo)一(yi)(yi)個書(shu)面(mian)合同(tong)中(zhong)載(zai)有(you)的(de)一(yi)(yi)項條款表明該(gai)合同(tong)包含了(le)各(ge)方當事人(ren)已(yi)達成一(yi)(yi)致的(de)全部條款，則此前(qian)存(cun)在的(de)任何陳述(shu)(shu)或(huo)(huo)協議(yi)不(bu)能被用作證據對抗(kang)或(huo)(huo)補充(chong)該(gai)合同(tong)。但是，這些陳述(shu)(shu)或(huo)(huo)協議(yi)可用于解釋該(gai)書(shu)面(mian)合同(tong)。
A contract in writing which contains a clause indicating that the writing completely embodies the terms on which the parties have agreed cannot be contradicted or supplemented by evidence of prior statements or agreements. However, such statements or agreements may be used to interpret the writing.
第2.1.18條 特定形式修改
如果書面(mian)合(he)同中載有(you)的一(yi)項條(tiao)款要求合(he)同的任何(he)修改(gai)(gai)或(huo)終止必須以特定形式(shi)做(zuo)出，則(ze)該(gai)合(he)同不得以其他(ta)形式(shi)修改(gai)(gai)或(huo)終止。但是，在(zai)一(yi)方(fang)當事人(ren)的行(xing)為使另一(yi)方(fang)當事人(ren)產生信賴(lai)并依此行(xing)事的限度內，則(ze)該(gai)一(yi)方(fang)當事人(ren)因其行(xing)為可被拒絕主張(zhang)本條(tiao)款。
A contract in writing which contains a clause requiring any modification or termination by agreement to be in a particular form may not be otherwise modified or terminated. However, a party may be precluded by its conduct from asserting such a clause to the extent that the other party has reasonably acted in reliance on that conduct.
第2.1.19條 按標準條款訂立合同 ARTICLE 2.1.19
(1)一方(fang)或雙(shuang)方(fang)當事人使用(yong)標準條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)款訂立(li)合同(tong)，適用(yong)訂立(li)合同(tong)的一般規則，但應受本章第(di)2.1.20條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)至(zhi)第(di)2.1.22條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)的約束(shu)。
(1) Where one party or both parties use standard terms in concluding a contract, the general rules on formation apply, subject to Articles 2.1.20 - 2.1.22.
(2)標準條(tiao)款是指一方(fang)為通常和重(zhong)復(fu)使用(yong)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)而預先準備的(de)(de)條(tiao)款， 并在實際使用(yong)時未與對方(fang)談判。
(2) Standard terms are provisions which are prepared in advance for general and repeated use by one party and which are actually used without negotiation with the other party.
第2.1.20條 意外條款
(1)如果標準條款中含有另一(yi)方當事人不能(neng)合(he)理(li)預(yu)見性質的條款，則該條款無效(xiao)，除非對方明示(shi)地表示(shi)接(jie)受;
(1) No term contained in standard terms which is of such a character that the other party could not reasonably have expected it, is effective unless it has been expressly accepted by that party.
(2)在確(que)定(ding)某一條款是否(fou)屬于這種性質時，應(ying)考慮到該條款的內容、語言(yan)和(he)表達(da)方(fang)式。
(2) In determining whether a term is of such a character regard shall be had to its content, language and presentation.
第2.1.21條 標準條款與非標準條款的沖突
ARTICLE 2.1.21 Conflict between standard terms and non-standard terms
若標(biao)準條款與非標(biao)準條款發(fa)生沖(chong)突，以非標(biao)準條款為(wei)準。
In case of conflict between a standard term and a term which is not a standard term the latter prevails.
第2.1.22條 格式合同之爭
在雙方當事人(ren)(ren)均使用標準(zhun)條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)，如果(guo)雙方對除標準(zhun)條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)以外的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)達成一(yi)(yi)致，則合同應根據已(yi)達成一(yi)(yi)致的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)以及在實體內(nei)容上相同的(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)訂(ding)立，除非一(yi)(yi)方當事人(ren)(ren)已(yi)事先明確(que)表示或事后毫不遲(chi)延(yan)地通知另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方當事人(ren)(ren)其不愿受這(zhe)種合同的(de)(de)(de)約束。
Where both parties use standard terms and reach agreement except on those terms, a contract is concluded on the basis of the agreed terms and of any standard terms which are common in substance unless one party clearly indicates in advance, or later and without undue delay informs the other party, that it does not intend to be bound by such a contract.
第二節 代理人的權限SECTION 2: AUTHORITY OF AGENTS
第2.2.1條 本節的范圍
(1)本節(jie)調整某人(ren)(代(dai)理人(ren))通過與(yu)第三方(fang)之間的(de)一(yi)項合同的(de)訂(ding)立或相(xiang)關事項，影響另一(yi)人(ren)(本人(ren))法律關系的(de)權限，而不論(lun)代(dai)理人(ren)是以自己的(de)名(ming)義還(huan)是以本人(ren)的(de)名(ming)義行事。
(1) This Section governs the authority of a person(“the agent”), to affect the legal relations of another person(“the principal”), by or with respect to a contract with a third party, whether the agent acts in its own name or in that of the principal.
(2)本(ben)節(jie)僅(jin)調(diao)整以本(ben)人(ren)(ren)或代理人(ren)(ren)為(wei)一方當事人(ren)(ren)，以第(di)三方為(wei)另(ling)一方當事人(ren)(ren)之間(jian)的關系(xi)。
(2) It governs only the relations between the principal or the agent on the one hand, and the third party on the other.
(3)本節并不調整由法(fa)律(lv)賦予代(dai)理(li)人(ren)的(de)權(quan)(quan)限，或由公共或司法(fa)機構指定的(de)代(dai)理(li)人(ren)的(de)權(quan)(quan)限。
(3) It does not govern an agent’s authority conferred by law or the authority of an agent appointed by a public or judicial authority.
第2.2.2條 代理人權限的確(que)立和范(fan)圍(wei)
ARTICLE 2.2.2 Establishment and scope of the authority of the agent
(1)本人授(shou)予代理(li)人的(de)權限(xian)既可以是明示的(de)也(ye)可以是默示的(de)。
(1) The principal’s grant of authority to an agent may be express or implied.
(2)代(dai)理(li)人為(wei)實現授權之目的(de)，有權采取所有必要的(de)行為(wei)。
(2) The agent has authority to perform all acts necessary in the circumstances to achieve the purposes for which the authority was granted.
第2.2.3條 顯名代理
(1)如當代理人(ren)在(zai)其權限(xian)范圍內行事(shi)，且第(di)三(san)方(fang)已知(zhi)或應知(zhi)其以(yi)代理身份行事(shi)，代理人(ren)的行為將直接影響本人(ren)和(he)第(di)三(san)方(fang)之(zhi)間(jian)的法(fa)律關系，而(er)在(zai)代理人(ren)和(he)第(di)三(san)方(fang)之(zhi)間(jian)不創(chuang)設任何法(fa)律關系。
(1) Where an agent acts within the scope of its authority and the third party knew or ought to have known that the agent was acting as an agent, the acts of the agent shall directly affect the legal relations between the principal and the third party and no legal relation is created between the agent and the third party.
(2)但是，當代理人經(jing)本人同(tong)(tong)意成(cheng)為合同(tong)(tong)一(yi)方時，則代理人的行為應僅影響代理人和第三方之間的關系。
(2) However, the acts of the agent shall affect only the relations between the agent and the third party, where the agent with the consent of the principal undertakes to become the party to the contract.
第2.2.4條 隱名代理
(1)當代(dai)理人(ren)(ren)在其權限范圍(wei)內行(xing)事(shi)，但第(di)三(san)方既(ji)不知(zhi)道也不應知(zhi)道代(dai)理人(ren)(ren)是作(zuo)為代(dai)理人(ren)(ren)行(xing)事(shi)時，則代(dai)理人(ren)(ren)的行(xing)為將僅影響代(dai)理人(ren)(ren)與第(di)三(san)方之間的關系。
(1) Where an agent acts within the scope of its authority and the third party neither knew nor ought to have known that the agent was acting as an agent, the acts of the agent shall affect only the relations between the agent and the third party.
(2)然而(er)，代理人當代表一個商業與第三方達成合同(tong)時(shi)，聲稱(cheng)是該(gai)商業的(de)(de)所有人，則第三方在發(fa)現該(gai)商業的(de)(de)真(zhen)實(shi)所有者(zhe)后，可(ke)以向后者(zhe)行使其對代理人的(de)(de)權利。
(2) However, where such an agent, when contracting with the third party on behalf of a business, represents itself to be the owner of that business, the third party, upon discovery of the real owner of the business, may exercise also against the latter the rights it has against the agent.
第2.2.5條 代理人無權或越權行事
ARTICLE 2.2.5 Agent acting without or exceeding its authority
(1)代理人沒有代理權或(huo)超越代理權行事(shi)時，其(qi)行為不(bu)影響委托人和(he)第三方之間的法律關系(xi)。
(1) Where an agent acts without authority or exceeds its authority, its acts do not affect the legal relations between the principal and the third party.
(2)但(dan)是，當(dang)本人(ren)造成(cheng)第三方(fang)合理地認為代(dai)理人(ren)有權(quan)代(dai)表本人(ren)行事，且代(dai)理人(ren)是在(zai)該權(quan)限范(fan)圍內行事時(shi)，則本人(ren)不得以代(dai)理人(ren)無代(dai)理權(quan)為由對抗第三方(fang)。
(2) However, where the principal causes the third party reasonably to believe that the agent has authority to act on behalf of the principal and that the agent is acting within the scope of that authority, the principal may not invoke against the third party the lack of authority of the agent.
第2.2.6條 代理人無權或越權行(xing)事的責(ze)任(ren)
(1)沒有(you)代(dai)理權(quan)(quan)或(huo)超(chao)越(yue)代(dai)理權(quan)(quan)行事的(de)代(dai)理人(ren)(ren)(ren)，如未(wei)經本人(ren)(ren)(ren)追認，則應(ying)對第(di)三人(ren)(ren)(ren)承擔將其恢復至如同(tong)(tong)代(dai)理人(ren)(ren)(ren)有(you)代(dai)理權(quan)(quan)或(huo)未(wei)超(chao)越(yue)代(dai)理權(quan)(quan)行事時第(di)三方應(ying)處的(de)同(tong)(tong)等狀(zhuang)況(kuang)的(de)責任。
(1) An agent that acts without authority or exceeds its authority is, failing ratification by the principal, liable for damages that will place the third party in the same position as if the agent had acted with authority and not exceeded its authority.
(2)但(dan)是，如果第三方已知或(huo)應知代(dai)理(li)人沒有代(dai)理(li)權或(huo)超(chao)越代(dai)理(li)權，則代(dai)理(li)人不承擔責任。
(2) However, the agent is not liable if the third party knew or ought to have known that the agent had no authority or was exceeding its authority.
第2.2.7條 利益沖突
(1)如果代理(li)人(ren)締結(jie)的合同涉及(ji)到代理(li)人(ren)與本人(ren)存在利(li)益沖突，而且第(di)三方已知(zhi)(zhi)或應知(zhi)(zhi)這一(yi)情(qing)況，則本人(ren)可主張合同無(wu)效。主張無(wu)效的權(quan)利(li)由第(di)3.12條(tiao)和第(di)3.14條(tiao)至(zhi)第(di)3.17條(tiao)調整(zheng)。
(1) If a contract concluded by an agent involves the agent in a conflict of interests with the principal of which the third party knew or ought to have known, the principal may avoid the contract. The right to avoid is subject to Articles 3.12 and 3.14 to 3.17.
(2)但是(shi)，本人在以下情況(kuang)不得(de)主張合同無效(xiao):
(2) However, the principal may not avoid the contract
(a)本人已(yi)經同意，或(huo)(huo)已(yi)知或(huo)(huo)應知代理人涉及利益(yi)沖突(tu);或(huo)(huo)
(a) if the principal had consented to, or knew or ought to have known of, the agent’s involvement in the conflict of interests; or
(b)代(dai)理(li)(li)人已經披露與本人的利(li)益沖(chong)突，但(dan)本人在合理(li)(li)時間(jian)內并未(wei)提出(chu)反(fan)對。
(b) if the agent had disclosed the conflict of interests to the principal and the latter had not objected within a reasonable time.
第2.2.8條 次代理
代(dai)理(li)人(ren)(ren)有指(zhi)定次代(dai)理(li)人(ren)(ren)履(lv)行那些非合理(li)預(yu)期代(dai)理(li)人(ren)(ren)本身履(lv)行的行為的默示(shi)權力。本節(jie)的規則適用于次代(dai)理(li)。
An agent has implied authority to appoint a sub-agent to perform acts which it is not reasonable to expect the agent to perform itself. The rules of this Section apply to the sub-agency.
第2.2.9條 追認
(1)代(dai)理(li)人(ren)(ren)沒有代(dai)理(li)權(quan)或超越代(dai)理(li)權(quan)的行(xing)為可由本人(ren)(ren)追(zhui)認。經追(zhui)認的行(xing)為如同(tong)代(dai)理(li)人(ren)(ren)自始就依代(dai)理(li)權(quan)行(xing)事產(chan)生同(tong)樣(yang)的效力。
(1) An act by an agent that acts without authority or exceeds its authority may be ratified by the principal. On ratification the act produces the same effects as if it had initially been carried out with authority.
(2)第(di)三方(fang)可以(yi)通知本人(ren)在一(yi)段合理的時(shi)間(jian)內追認。本人(ren)如未在該時(shi)間(jian)內追認，則不能再予追認。
(2) The third party may by notice to the principal specify a reasonable period of time for ratification. If the principal does not ratify within that period of time it can no longer do so.
(3)如果在(zai)代(dai)理(li)人行事時，第三(san)(san)方既不知也不應知代(dai)理(li)人無權代(dai)理(li)，則第三(san)(san)方可在(zai)本(ben)人追認前，隨時通(tong)知本(ben)人表(biao)示拒(ju)絕受追認的約束(shu)。
(3) If, at the time of the agent’s act, the third party neither knew nor ought to have known of the lack of authority, it may, at any time before ratification, by notice to the principal indicate its refusal to become bound by a ratification.
第2.2.10條 代理權終止 ARTICLE 2.2.10
(1)代理權(quan)的(de)終(zhong)止對第三(san)方不產(chan)生效(xiao)力，除非(fei)第三(san)方已知或(huo)應知這一情(qing)況。
(1) Termination of authority is not effective in relation to the third party unless the third party knew or ought to have known of it.
(2)盡(jin)管代(dai)理權終(zhong)止，但代(dai)理人仍有(you)權為防(fang)止損害本人利益(yi)采取必 要的行為。
(2) Notwithstanding the termination of its authority, an agent remains authorised to perform the acts that are necessary to prevent harm to the principal’s interests.
第三(san)章 合同的效力CHAPTER 3 — VALIDITY
第(di)3.1條 未(wei)涉及事項 ARTICLE 3.1(Matters not covered)
通則不處理由以(yi)下原因而導致(zhi)的合同無效:
These Principles do not deal with invalidity arising from
(a)無行為能力;(a) lack of capacity;
(b)不道德或(huo)非法。(b) immorality or illegality.
第3.2條 協議的效力
合同僅由雙(shuang)方(fang)的協議訂(ding)立(li)、修改(gai)或終(zhong)止，除此別無其他要求(qiu)。
A contract is concluded, modified or terminated by the mere agreement of the parties, without any further requirement.
第3.3條 自始不能
(1)合(he)同(tong)訂立時不(bu)能履(lv)行所承擔之義務的(de)事實本身，不(bu)影響(xiang)合(he)同(tong)的(de)效(xiao)力(li)。
(1) The mere fact that at the time of the conclusion of the contract the performance of the obligation assumed was impossible does not affect the validity of the contract.
(2)合同(tong)訂立(li)時一(yi)方當事人無權處置與該合同(tong)相關聯之財產的事實本(ben)身，不影響合同(tong)的效(xiao)力。
(2) The mere fact that at the time of the conclusion of the contract a party was not entitled to dispose of the assets to which the contract relates does not affect the validity of the contract.
第3.4條 錯誤的定義
錯誤(wu)是指對合同(tong)訂(ding)立時(shi)已經存(cun)在的事實或法律所做(zuo)的不(bu)正(zheng)確的假設。
Mistake is an erroneous assumption relating to facts or to law existing when the contract was concluded.
第3.5條 相關錯誤
(1)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)當事(shi)人可(ke)因錯(cuo)誤而(er)宣(xuan)告合(he)同(tong)無效，此(ci)錯(cuo)誤在訂(ding)立(li)合(he)同(tong)時如(ru)此(ci)之重大(da)，以至(zhi)于一(yi)(yi)個通情達理的(de)人處(chu)在與犯(fan)錯(cuo)誤之當事(shi)人的(de)相同(tong)情況之下，如(ru)果(guo)知道(dao)事(shi)實(shi)真相，就會(hui)按實(shi)質不(bu)同(tong)的(de)條款訂(ding)立(li)合(he)同(tong)，或根本(ben)不(bu)會(hui)訂(ding)立(li)合(he)同(tong)，并且
(1) A party may only avoid the contract for mistake if, when the contract was concluded, the mistake was of such importance that a reasonable person in the same situation as the party in error would only have concluded the contract on materially different terms or would not have concluded it at all if the true state of affairs had been known, and
(a)另(ling)一(yi)方當事(shi)人犯了相同的(de)錯誤(wu)，或(huo)造成如此錯誤(wu)，或(huo)者(zhe)另(ling)一(yi)方當事(shi)人知(zhi)道或(huo)理應知(zhi)道該(gai)錯誤(wu)，但卻(que)有悖于公平交(jiao)易的(de)合理商業標準，使錯誤(wu)方一(yi)直處于錯誤(wu)狀態之中;或(huo)者(zhe)
(a) the other party made the same mistake, or caused the mistake, or knew or ought to have known of the mistake and it was contrary to reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing to leave the mistaken party in error; or
(b)在宣告合同無(wu)效時，另一方當事(shi)人尚未依(yi)其對合同的信賴(lai)而(er)行事(shi)。
(b) the other party had not at the time of avoidance reasonably acted in reliance on the contract.
(2)但是，一方當(dang)事人不(bu)能宣告合同無效，如(ru)果
(2) However, a party may not avoid the contract if
(a)該當(dang)事人(ren)由于重大疏(shu)忽而犯此錯誤;或者
(a) it was grossly negligent in committing the mistake; or
(b)錯誤(wu)與某事實(shi)相(xiang)關(guan)聯，而(er)對于(yu)該事實(shi)發生錯誤(wu)的風險已(yi)被(bei)設想到，或者(zhe)考慮到相(xiang)關(guan)情(qing)況(kuang)，該錯誤(wu)的風險應當由錯誤(wu)方承擔。
(b) the mistake relates to a matter in regard to which the risk of mistake was assumed or, having regard to the circumstances, should be borne by the mistaken party.
第3.6條 表述或傳達中的錯誤
在表述(shu)或(huo)傳達(da)一項聲明過程中發生的錯(cuo)(cuo)誤應視(shi)為做出該聲明之人的錯(cuo)(cuo)誤。
An error occurring in the expression or transmission of a declaration is considered to be a mistake of the person from whom the declaration emanated.
第3.7條 對不履行的(de)救(jiu)濟 ARTICLE 3.7 Remedies for non-performance
一方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)人無(wu)權因錯誤宣告合同(tong)無(wu)效(xiao)，如果該方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)人所依賴的情況表(biao)明對不履行可(ke)(ke)以或(huo)本來可(ke)(ke)以提(ti)供救濟。
A party is not entitled to avoid the contract on the ground of mistake if the circumstances on which that party relies afford, or could have afforded, a remedy for non-performance.
第3.8條 欺詐
一方(fang)當事(shi)人(ren)可宣告合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)無效，如果(guo)其訂立合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)是基于(yu)另一方(fang)當事(shi)人(ren)的(de)欺(qi)(qi)詐(zha)性(xing)陳(chen)述，包括欺(qi)(qi)詐(zha)性(xing)的(de)語(yu)言或(huo)做法，或(huo)按(an)照公(gong)平交易的(de)合(he)(he)(he)理商業標準，該另一方(fang)當事(shi)人(ren)對應予披露的(de)情況欺(qi)(qi)詐(zha)性(xing)地未予披露。
A party may avoid the contract when it has been led to conclude the contract by the other party’s fraudulent representation, including language or practices, or fraudulent non-disclosure of circumstances which, according to reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing, the latter party should have disclosed.
第3.9條 脅迫
一(yi)(yi)方當事(shi)人(ren)可(ke)宣告(gao)合同無(wu)效，如果其合同的訂立(li)是因(yin)另一(yi)(yi)方當事(shi)人(ren)的不正當之脅(xie)迫(po)(po)，而且考慮(lv)到在各種情況下，該脅(xie)迫(po)(po)如此急迫(po)(po)、嚴重到足以使第一(yi)(yi)方當事(shi)人(ren)無(wu)其他合理選擇。尤其是當使一(yi)(yi)方當事(shi)人(ren)受到脅(xie)迫(po)(po)的作為(wei)(wei)或(huo)不作為(wei)(wei)本身屬非(fei)法，或(huo)者以其作為(wei)(wei)手段來獲取合同的訂立(li)屬非(fei)法時，均為(wei)(wei)不正當的脅(xie)迫(po)(po)。
A party may avoid the contract when it has been led to conclude the contract by the other party’s unjustified threat which, having regard to the circumstances, is so imminent and serious as to leave the first party no reasonable alternative. In particular, a threat is unjustified if the act or omission with which a party has been threatened is wrongful in itself, or it is wrongful to use it as a means to obtain the conclusion of the contract.
第3.10條 重大失衡
(1)在訂立合(he)同時，合(he)同或其個別條款不合(he)理地(di)對(dui)另(ling)一(yi)方當(dang)(dang)事人過分有利(li)，則(ze)一(yi)方當(dang)(dang)事人可宣告該合(he)同或該個別條款無效(xiao)。除其他(ta)因(yin)素外，尚應考(kao)慮下列(lie)各項:
(1) A party may avoid the contract or an individual term of it if, at the time of the conclusion of the contract, the contract or term unjustifiably gave the other party an excessive advantage. Regard is to be had, among other factors, to
(a)該另一方(fang)當事(shi)人不(bu)公(gong)平(ping)地利(li)用了對(dui)方(fang)當事(shi)人的(de)依(yi)賴(lai)、經(jing)(jing)濟困境或緊急(ji)需要(yao)，或不(bu)正當地利(li)用了對(dui)方(fang)當事(shi)人的(de)缺(que)乏遠見、無知(zhi)、無經(jing)(jing)驗或缺(que)乏談判(pan)技(ji)巧的(de)事(shi)實，以及
(a) the fact that the other party has taken unfair advantage of the first party’s dependence, economic distress or urgent needs, or of its improvidence, ignorance, inexperience or lack of bargaining skill, and
(b)合同(tong)的(de)性質(zhi)和目的(de)。(b) the nature and purpose of the contract.
(2)依(yi)有權宣告合(he)同無效的(de)(de)(de)一方當事人的(de)(de)(de)請求,法院(yuan)可以(yi)修改該合(he)同或其條款，以(yi)使其符合(he)公平交易的(de)(de)(de)合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)商業標準。
(2) Upon the request of the party entitled to avoidance, a court may adapt the contract or term in order to make it accord with reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing.
(3)依(yi)收到宣告合同無效通知的(de)一方當(dang)事(shi)人的(de)請(qing)求，法(fa)院亦(yi)可修改合同或其(qi)條(tiao)款，只(zhi)要該方當(dang)事(shi)人在收到此項(xiang)通知后(hou)，且在對方當(dang)事(shi)人依(yi)據(ju)該項(xiang)通知行事(shi)前，立即將其(qi)請(qing)求告知對方當(dang)事(shi)人。本章第(di)3.13條(tiao)第(di)(2)款的(de)規(gui)定此時應予適用。
(3) A court may also adapt the contract or term upon the request of the party receiving notice of avoidance, provided that that party informs the other party of its request promptly after receiving such notice and before the other party has reasonably acted in reliance on it. The provisions of Article 3.13(2) apply accordingly.
第3.11條 第三人
(1)如果(guo)欺詐、脅迫(po)、重大失衡(heng)或一(yi)方當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)的(de)錯誤可歸因于(yu)第(di)(di)三人(ren)(ren)，或者該(gai)第(di)(di)三人(ren)(ren)知道(dao)或應(ying)當(dang)知道(dao)這些情況，而該(gai)第(di)(di)三人(ren)(ren)的(de)行為由另(ling)一(yi)方當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)負(fu)責，則(ze)可按該(gai)另(ling)一(yi)方當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)本身所做行為或所知曉的(de)相同(tong)條件，宣告該(gai)合同(tong)無效。
(1) Where fraud, threat, gross disparity or a party’s mistake is imputable to, or is known or ought to be known by, a third person for whose acts the other party is responsible, the contract may be avoided under the same conditions as if the behaviour or knowledge had been that of the party itself.
(2)如果欺詐、脅迫或(huo)(huo)重大失衡可(ke)歸因于(yu)第(di)(di)三人(ren)，而該(gai)第(di)(di)三人(ren)的行為不(bu)由(you)另一方當事(shi)人(ren)負責，在該(gai)另一方當事(shi)人(ren)知道或(huo)(huo)理應知道此(ci)欺詐、脅迫或(huo)(huo)重大失衡，或(huo)(huo)在宣告合同無效(xiao)時尚未按照對該(gai)合同的信(xin)賴(lai)而行事(shi)的情(qing)況(kuang)下，則該(gai)合同可(ke)被宣告無效(xiao)。
(2) Where fraud, threat or gross disparity is imputable to a third person for whose acts the other party is not responsible, the contract may be avoided if that party knew or ought to have known of the fraud, threat or disparity, or has not at the time of avoidance reasonably acted in reliance on the contract.
第3.12條 確認
有權(quan)宣(xuan)(xuan)告合同無效(xiao)(xiao)的一方(fang)當(dang)事人如(ru)果(guo)在發出(chu)合同無效(xiao)(xiao)通知(zhi)的期間(jian)開始后，又明示(shi)或默(mo)示(shi)地確認合同，則該方(fang)當(dang)事人不(bu)得再(zai)宣(xuan)(xuan)告合同無效(xiao)(xiao)。
If the party entitled to avoid the contract expressly or impliedly confirms the contract after the period of time for giving notice of avoidance has begun to run, avoidance of the contract is excluded.
第3.13條 喪失宣告合同無效的權利
(1)如果一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人有(you)權因錯(cuo)誤宣告合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)無(wu)效，而另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人聲明(ming)他(ta)將愿意(yi)按(an)或(huo)已按(an)有(you)權宣告合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)無(wu)效的(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人對合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)理(li)解(jie)履(lv)行合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)，則(ze)該(gai)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)應視(shi)為按(an)照該(gai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人的(de)理(li)解(jie)已經訂(ding)立(li)。該(gai)另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人在收到有(you)權宣告合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)無(wu)效的(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人對合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)理(li)解(jie)方(fang)(fang)式的(de)通(tong)知后，而且(qie)在該(gai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人依據宣告合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)無(wu)效通(tong)知合(he)理(li)行事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之前，必須立(li)即做(zuo)出此種聲明(ming)或(huo)進行此種履(lv)行。
(1) If a party is entitled to avoid the contract for mistake but the other party declares itself willing to perform or performs the contract as it was understood by the party entitled to avoidance, the contract is considered to have been concluded as the latter party understood it. The other party must make such a declaration or render such performance promptly after having been informed of the manner in which the party entitled to avoidance had understood the contract and before that party has reasonably acted in reliance on a notice of avoidance.
(2)在(zai)做出此種聲明或(huo)履行(xing)之后，宣告合(he)同無效(xiao)的權利即行(xing)喪(sang)失(shi)，任何以前(qian)宣告合(he)同無效(xiao)的通知均喪(sang)失(shi)效(xiao)力。
(2) After such a declaration or performance the right to avoidance is lost and any earlier notice of avoidance is ineffective.
第3.14條 宣告合同無效的通知
一方當(dang)事人通過向另一方當(dang)事人發出通知行使其宣告合同無效的權(quan)利。
The right of a party to avoid the contract is exercised by notice to the other party.
第3.15條 時間期限
(1)考慮到各種情況(kuang)，宣告(gao)合同無(wu)(wu)效的(de)(de)通知(zhi)，應在(zai)宣告(gao)合同無(wu)(wu)效的(de)(de)一(yi)方當事(shi)(shi)人已知(zhi)或(huo)不可能不知(zhi)道(dao)有關事(shi)(shi)實(shi)或(huo)者在(zai)其可以自(zi)由行事(shi)(shi)之(zhi)后的(de)(de)一(yi)段合理時間(jian)內(nei)做出。
(1) Notice of avoidance shall be given within a reasonable time, having regard to the circumstances, after the avoiding party knew or could not have been unaware of the relevant facts or became capable of acting freely.
(2)如果一(yi)方(fang)當(dang)事人(ren)根(gen)據第3.10條(tiao)的(de)規定有權宣告(gao)合(he)同(tong)中的(de)個別條(tiao)款無效，則宣告(gao)合(he)同(tong)無效通知(zhi)的(de)期限自另一(yi)方(fang)當(dang)事人(ren)堅持該條(tiao)款之時開始。
(2) Where an individual term of the contract may be avoided by a party under Article 3.10, the period of time for giving notice of avoidance begins to run when that term is asserted by the other party.
第3.16條 部分無效
如果宣(xuan)告(gao)合(he)同(tong)無效的(de)理由僅(jin)影響合(he)同(tong)的(de)個別條款，則宣(xuan)告(gao)合(he)同(tong)無效的(de)效力(li)僅(jin)限于這(zhe)些條款，除(chu)非考慮(lv)到各(ge)種情況，維持合(he)同(tong)的(de)其(qi)余部分(fen)是(shi)不合(he)理的(de)。
Where a ground of avoidance affects only individual terms of the contract, the effect of avoidance is limited to those terms unless, having regard to the circumstances, it is unreasonable to uphold the remaining contract.
第3.17條 宣告合同無效的追溯力
(1)宣(xuan)告合同無效具有追(zhui)溯力。(1) Avoidance takes effect retroactively.
(2)宣告(gao)合(he)(he)同(tong)無效(xiao)后(hou)，任何一(yi)方當(dang)事人可要(yao)求(qiu)返(fan)還其(qi)依(yi)據已(yi)(yi)被宣告(gao)無效(xiao)的合(he)(he)同(tong)或部(bu)分合(he)(he)同(tong)所(suo)提供的一(yi)切，但(dan)要(yao)以該方當(dang)事人也同(tong)時(shi)返(fan)還其(qi)依(yi)據已(yi)(yi)被宣告(gao)無效(xiao)的合(he)(he)同(tong)或部(bu)分合(he)(he)同(tong)所(suo)得到(dao)的一(yi)切為條件，或者如雖不能(neng)返(fan)還實物，但(dan)對其(qi)所(suo)得之物給予補償。
(2) On avoidance either party may claim restitution of whatever it has supplied under the contract or the part of it avoided, provided that it concurrently makes restitution of whatever it has received under the contract or the part of it avoided or, if it cannot make restitution in kind, it makes an allowance for what it has received.
第3.18條 損害賠償
無論是否宣(xuan)告(gao)合(he)同(tong)(tong)無效，已知(zhi)或理應(ying)知(zhi)道合(he)同(tong)(tong)無效理由的(de)一方當(dang)事(shi)人應(ying)承擔損(sun)害賠償的(de)責任，以使另一方當(dang)事(shi)人處于如同(tong)(tong)其未訂立合(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)地位。
Irrespective of whether or not the contract has been avoided, the party who knew or ought to have known of the ground for avoidance is liable for damages so as to put the other party in the same position in which it would have been if it had not concluded the contract.
第3.19條 本章條款的強制性
本章(zhang)的各項(xiang)規定(ding)具(ju)有(you)(you)強制性，但那些有(you)(you)關(guan)協議的約束力、自(zi)始不能或錯誤的規定(ding)除外。
The provisions of this Chapter are mandatory, except insofar as they relate to the binding force of mere agreement, initial impossibility or mistake.
第3.20條 單方聲明
本章各項規(gui)定在(zai)適當(dang)修改后，適用于(yu)一方(fang)當(dang)事人向另一方(fang)當(dang)事人傳達的任(ren)何意思表示(shi)。
The provisions of this Chapter apply with appropriate adaptations to any communication of intention addressed by one party to the other.
Principles of International Commercial Contracts
國際統一私法協會國際商事合同通則
簡介(jie)：《國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)商事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)通(tong)則(ze)》（Principles of International Commercial Contracts，簡稱PICC）是(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)統一(yi)(yi)私法協會1994年編撰的(de)，2004年做了大的(de)修訂。它(ta)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)部具有現代性、廣泛代表性、權威性與實用(yong)性的(de)商事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)統一(yi)(yi)法。它(ta)可(ke)為(wei)(wei)各(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)立(li)法參(can)考(kao)，為(wei)(wei)司法、仲裁所適用(yong)，是(shi)起草合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、談判(pan)的(de)工具，也(ye)(ye)是(shi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法教學(xue)的(de)參(can)考(kao)書。《國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)商事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)通(tong)則(ze)》旨在為(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)商事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)制定(ding)(ding)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)規則(ze)，在當事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人約定(ding)(ding)其(qi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)受《國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)商事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)通(tong)則(ze)》管(guan)轄(xia)時(shi)，應適用(yong)《國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)商事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)通(tong)則(ze)》；在當事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人約定(ding)(ding)其(qi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)適用(yong)法律的(de)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)原則(ze)、商人習慣法或(huo)類似措辭時(shi)，可(ke)適用(yong)《國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)商事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)通(tong)則(ze)》；在當事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人未選擇任何(he)法律管(guan)轄(xia)其(qi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)，可(ke)適用(yong)《國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)商事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)通(tong)則(ze)》；《國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)商事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)通(tong)則(ze)》可(ke)用(yong)于解(jie)釋或(huo)補充(chong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)統一(yi)(yi)法文件；《國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)商事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)通(tong)則(ze)》可(ke)用(yong)于解(jie)釋或(huo)補充(chong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)內法；《國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)商事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)通(tong)則(ze)》也(ye)(ye)可(ke)作為(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)內和國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)(ji)立(li)法的(de)范本。
第一章(zhang) 總則(ze)GENERAL PROVISIONS
第1.1條締約自由
第1.2條無形式要求
第1.3條合同的約束性
第1.4條 強制性規則(ze) ARTICLE 1.4Mandatory rules
第1.5條 當事人的排除或修改
第1.6條 通則(ze)的解釋和(he)補(bu)充 ARTICLE 1.6 Interpretation and supplementation of the Principles
第(di)1.7條 誠(cheng)實信用和公平交易 ARTICLE 1.7 Good faith and fair dealing
第(di)1.8條 不一(yi)致(zhi)行為 ARTICLE 1.8 Inconsistent Behaviour
第1.9條 慣例和習(xi)慣做法 ARTICLE 1.9 Usages and practices
第(di)1.10條(tiao) 通知 ARTICLE 1.10 Notice
第1.11條 定義 ARTICLE 1.11 Definitions
第1.12條 當(dang)事(shi)人規定的(de)時間的(de)計算 ARTICLE 1.12 Computation of time set by parties
第二章 合同的訂立與代理人的權(quan)限
CHAPTER 2 — FORMATION AND AUTHORITY OF AGENTS
第(di)一(yi)節 合同(tong)的訂(ding)立SECTION 1: FORMATION
第2.1.1條 訂立的形式
第2.1.2條 要約的定義
第2.1.3條 要約的撤回
第2.1.4條 要約的撤銷
第2.1.5條 要約的拒絕
第2.1.6條 承諾的方式
第2.1.7條 承諾的時間
第2.1.8條 規定期限內的承諾
第2.1.9條 逾期承諾與傳遞遲延
第2.1.10條 承諾的撤回
第2.1.11條 變更的承諾
第2.1.12條 書面確認
第2.1.13條合同的訂立基于對特定事項或特定形式的協議
第2.1.14條 特意待定的合同條款
第2.1.15條 惡意談判
第2.1.16條 保密義務
第2.1.17條 合并條款
第2.1.18條 特定形式修改
第2.1.19條 按標準條款訂立合同 ARTICLE 2.1.19
第2.1.20條 意外條款
第2.1.21條 標準條款與非標準條款的沖突
ARTICLE 2.1.21 Conflict between standard terms and non-standard terms
第2.1.22條 格式合同之爭
第(di)二節 代理人的權限SECTION 2: AUTHORITY OF AGENTS
第2.2.1條 本節的范圍
第2.2.2條 代(dai)理人(ren)權限的確立(li)和范圍
ARTICLE 2.2.2 Establishment and scope of the authority of the agent
第2.2.3條 顯名代理
第2.2.4條 隱名代理
第2.2.5條 代理人無權或越權行事
ARTICLE 2.2.5 Agent acting without or exceeding its authority
第2.2.6條 代理(li)人無權(quan)(quan)或(huo)越權(quan)(quan)行(xing)事(shi)的責任
第2.2.7條 利益沖突
第2.2.8條 次代理
第2.2.9條 追認
第2.2.10條 代理權終止 ARTICLE 2.2.10
第三章 合同的(de)效(xiao)力CHAPTER 3 — VALIDITY
第3.1條 未涉及(ji)事項 ARTICLE 3.1(Matters not covered)
第3.2條 協議的效力
第3.3條 自始不能
第3.4條 錯誤的定義
第3.5條 相關錯誤
第3.6條 表述或傳達中的錯誤
第(di)3.7條 對不履行的(de)救濟 ARTICLE 3.7 Remedies for non-performance
第3.8條 欺詐
第3.9條 脅迫
第3.10條 重大失衡
第3.11條 第三人
第3.12條 確認
第3.13條 喪失宣告合同無效的權利
第3.14條 宣告合同無效的通知
第3.15條 時間期限
第3.16條 部分無效
第3.17條 宣告合同無效的追溯力
第3.18條 損害賠償
第3.19條 本章條款的強制性
第3.20條 單方聲明
第四章 合同的解(jie)釋CHAPTER 4 — INTERPRETATION
第4.1條 當事人的意思
第4.2條 對陳(chen)述和其他行為的(de)解釋
第4.3條 相關情況
第4.4條 合同或陳述作為整體考慮
ARTICLE 4.4 Reference to contract or statement as a whole
第4.5條 給予所有條款以效力
第4.6條 對條款提議人不利規則
第4.7條 語言差異
第4.8條 補充空缺條款
第(di)(di)五章 合(he)同(tong)的內容(rong)與第(di)(di)三(san)方權利(li)CHAPTER 5 — CONTENT AND THIRD PARTY RIGHTS
第一節 合(he)同的內容SECTION 1: CONTENT
第5.1.1條 明示和默示的義務
第5.1.2條 默示的義務
第5.1.3條 事人之間的合作
第5.1.5條確定所涉義務的種類
第5.1.6條確定履行的質量
第5.1.7條 價格的確定
第5.1.8條 無固定期限的合同
第5.1.9條 通過協議放棄權利
第二節 第三方權利(li)SECTION 2: THIRD PARTY RIGHTS
第5.2.1條 第三方受益的合同
第5.2.2條 可確定的第三方
第5.2.3條 排除和限制條款
第5.2.4條 抗辯
第5.2.5條 撤銷
第5.2.6條 放棄權利
第六章 履(lv)行CHAPTER 6 — PERFORMANCE
第一節 履行的一般規(gui)定SECTION 1: PERFORMANCE IN GENERAL
第6.1.1條 履行時間
第6.1.2條 一次或分期履行
第6.1.4條 履行順序
第6.1.5條 提前履行
第6.1.6條 履行地
第6.1.7條 以支票或其他票據付款
第6.1.8條 轉賬支付
第6.1.9條 付款貨幣
第6.1.10條 未規定貨幣
第6.1.11條 履行費用
第6.1.12條 指定清償
第6.1.13條 非金錢債務的指定清償
ARTICLE 6.1.13 Imputation of non-monetary obligations
第6.1.14條 申請公共許可
第6.1.15條 申請許可的程序
第6.1.16條 許可既未獲批準又未遭拒絕
ARTICLE 6.1.16 Permission neither granted nor refused
第6.1.17條 拒絕許可
第二節:艱難情形SECTION 2: HARDSHIP
第6.2.1條 合同必須遵守
第6.2.2條 艱難情形的定義
第(di)七章 不(bu)履(lv)行CHAPTER 7 — NON-PERFORMANCE
第一節 不履行的(de)一般規定SECTION 1: NON-PERFORMANCE IN GENERAL
第7.1.1條 不履行的定義
第7.1.2條
第7.1.3條 停止履行
第7.1.4條 不履行方的補救
第7.1.5條 履行的額外期間
第7.1.6條 免責條款
第7.1.7條 不可抗力
第二(er)節(jie) 要(yao)求履行的權(quan)利SECTION 2: RIGHT TO PERFORMANCE
第7.2.1條 金錢債務的履行
第7.2.2條 非金錢債務的履行
第7.2.3條 對瑕疵履行(xing)的修補和替換(huan)
ARTICLE 7.2.3 Repair and replacement of defective performance
第7.2.4條 法院判決的罰金
第7.2.5條 救濟的變更
第(di)三(san)節 合(he)同(tong)的終止SECTION 3: TERMINATION
第7.3.1條 終止合同的權利
第7.3.2條 終止通知
第7.3.3條 預期不履行
第7.3.4條 如約履行的充分保證
第7.3.5條 終止合同的一般效果
第7.3.6條 恢復原狀
第(di)四節 損害賠償SECTION 4: DAMAGES
第7.4.1條(tiao) 損害賠償的權利 ARTICLE 7.4.1 Right to damages
第7.4.2條 賠償
第7.4.3條 損害的確定
第7.4.4條 損害的可預見性
第7.4.5條 存在替代交易情況時的損害證明
ARTICLE 7.4.5 Proof of harm in case of replacement transaction
第7.4.6條 依時價確定損害的證明
第7.4.7條 部分歸咎于受損害方的損害
第7.4.8條 損害的減輕
第7.4.9條 未付金錢債務的利息
第7.4.10條 損害賠償的利息
第7.4.11條 金錢賠償的方式
第7.4.12條 估算損害賠償金的貨幣
第7.4.13條 對不履行所約定的付款
第八(ba)章 抵銷(xiao)CHAPTER 8 — SET-OFF
第8.1條 抵銷的條件
第8.2條 外匯抵銷
第8.3條 抵銷通知
第8.4條 通知的內容
第8.5條 抵銷的效力
第九(jiu)章 權利(li)的(de)轉(zhuan)讓(rang)、債務的(de)轉(zhuan)移、合同的(de)轉(zhuan)讓(rang)
CHAPTER 9 — ASSIGNMENT OF RIGHTS, TRANSFER OF OBLIGATIONS,
ASSIGNMENT OF CONTRACTS
第一節 權利的轉(zhuan)讓SECTION 1: ASSIGNMENT OF RIGHTS
第9.1.1條 定義
第9.1.2條 排除適用
第9.1.3條 非金錢權利的轉讓
第9.1.4條 部分轉讓
第9.1.5條 未來權利
第9.1.6條 未逐(zhu)一指明的權(quan)利(li)的轉(zhuan)讓
ARTICLE 9.1.6 Rights assigned without individual specification
第9.1.7條 讓與人(ren)和受讓人(ren)協議(yi)即可轉讓
ARTICLE 9.1.7 Agreement between assignor and assignee sufficient
第9.1.8條 債務人的額外成本
第9.1.9條 非轉讓條款
第9.1.10條 通知債務人
第9.1.11條 連續轉讓
第9.1.12條 轉讓的充分證據
第9.1.13條 抗辯權和抵銷權
第9.1.14條 與權利轉讓相關之權利
第9.1.15條 讓與人的擔保
第(di)二節(jie):債務(wu)的轉移(yi)SECTION 2: TRANSFER OF OBLIGATIONS
第9.2.1條 轉移的模式
第9.2.2條 排除適用
第9.2.3條 對債權人轉移同意的要求
ARTICLE 9.2.3 Requirement of obligee’s consent to transfer
第9.2.4條 債權人的預先同意
第9.2.5條 原債務人債務的解除
第9.2.6條 第三方履行
第9.2.7條 抗辯和抵銷權
第9.2.8條 與被轉移債務相關的權利
ARTICLE 9.2.8 Rights related to the obligation transferred
第三節 合(he)同的轉讓SECTION 3: ASSIGNMENT OF CONTRACTS
第9.3.1條 定義
第9.3.2條 排除適用
第9.3.3條 另一方當事人同意的要求
ARTICLE 9.3.3 Requirement of consent of the other party
第9.3.4條 另一方當事人的預先同意
第9.3.5條 讓與人債務的解除
第9.3.6條 抗辯和抵銷權
第9.3.7條 隨合同轉讓的權利
第十章(zhang) 時(shi)效期間CHAPTER 10 — LIMITATION PERIODS
第10.1條 本章范圍
第10.2條 時效期間
第10.3條 當事人對時效期間的修改
ARTICLE 10.3 Modification of limitation periods by the parties
第10.5條 因司法程序而中止
第10.6條 因仲裁程序而中止
第10.7條 替代性爭議解決機制
第(di)10.8條 因不可抗力(li)、死亡或(huo)無(wu)行為能力(li)而中止
ARTICLE 10.8 Suspension in case of force majeure, death or incapacity
第10.9條 時效期間屆滿的效力
ARTICLE 10.9 The effects of expiration of limitation period
第10.10條 抵銷權
第10.11條 返還
序言PREAMBLE
通則的目的
通則(ze)(ze)旨在(zai)為(wei)國(guo)際商事合同制定一般(ban)規則(ze)(ze)。
These Principles set forth general rules for international commercial contracts.
在當事人約定其合(he)同受通則管轄時，應適用(yong)通則。.
They shall be applied when the parties have agreed that their contract be governed by them.(*)
在當事人約定其(qi)合同受法律的一般原則、商人習慣(guan)法或類(lei)似措辭管轄時，可適用通則。
They may be applied when the parties have agreed that their contract be governed by general principles of law, the lex mercatoria or the like.
在當事人未選擇任何法律管(guan)轄其(qi)合同時，可適用通則(ze)。
They may be applied when the parties have not chosen any law to govern their contract.
通(tong)則可(ke)用(yong)于解釋或補充國際統一(yi)法文件。
They may be used to interpret or supplement international uniform law instruments.
通則可用于解(jie)釋或補充(chong)國內法。
They may be used to interpret or supplement domestic law.
通則也可作為國(guo)內和國(guo)際立(li)法的范本。
They may serve as a model for national and international legislators.
(*)希望在合同中規(gui)定其協議受《通則》管轄的當(dang)事人可以使(shi)用如下表述，并加上任(ren)何希望的例外(wai)或(huo)調整(zheng):
(*)Parties wishing to provide that their agreement be governed by the Principles might use the following words, adding any desired exceptions or modifications:
“本合(he)同應受《國際統一私法協(xie)會國際商(shang)事合(he)同通(tong)則》(2004)管轄，[除了某條款]。”
“This contract shall be governed by the UNIDROIT Principles(2004)[except as to Articles …]”.
希望在合(he)同中規定(ding)適用某一特(te)定(ding)的轄區法律的當事人，可以(yi)使用如下表述:
Parties wishing to provide in addition for the application of the law of a particular jurisdiction might use the following words:
“本合(he)同應受《國(guo)際統(tong)一私法協(xie)會(hui)國(guo)際商事合(he)同通則》(2004)管轄[除了某(mou)條款]，
必要時由【X管(guan)轄區】的(de)法律補充。”
“This contract shall be governed by the UNIDROIT Principles(2004)[except as to Articles…],
supplemented when necessary by the law of [jurisdiction X].
第一章(zhang) 總 則CHAPTER 1 — GENERAL PROVISIONS
第1.1條締(di)約自由(you) ARTICLE 1.1 Freedom of contract
當事人可自(zi)由訂(ding)立合(he)同并(bing)確(que)定合(he)同的(de)內(nei)容。
The parties are free to enter into a contract and to determine its content.
第1.2條無形式要求 ARTICLE 1.2 No form required
通則不要(yao)求(qiu)合同、聲(sheng)明(ming)(ming)或(huo)其(qi)他任何(he)行為必須以特定形式(shi)作(zuo)出或(huo)以特定形式(shi)證(zheng)明(ming)(ming)。合同可(ke)通過包括證(zheng)人在(zai)內的(de)任何(he)形式(shi)證(zheng)明(ming)(ming)。
Nothing in these Principles requires a contract, statement or any other act to be made in or evidenced by a particular form. It may be proved by any means, including witnesses.
第1.3條合同的約束性
有效訂(ding)立的(de)合(he)同對當事人均具(ju)有約(yue)束力。當事人僅能根據合(he)同的(de)條款，或通過協(xie)議，或根據通則的(de)規定修改或終止合(he)同。
A contract validly entered into is binding upon the parties. It can only be modified or terminated in accordance with its terms or by agreement or as otherwise provided in these Principles.
第1.4條 強制(zhi)性規則 ARTICLE 1.4Mandatory rules
通(tong)則的(de)任何規(gui)定都不應限制(zhi)根據國際私法有關規(gui)則導(dao)致的(de)強制(zhi)性(xing)規(gui)則的(de)適用，且不論(lun)這些強制(zhi)性(xing)規(gui)則是源(yuan)于國內的(de)、國際的(de)還是超國家(jia)的(de)。
Nothing in these Principles shall restrict the application of mandatory rules, whether of national, international or supranational origin, which are applicable in accordance with the relevant rules of private international law.
第1.5條 當事人的排除或修改
除(chu)通則(ze)(ze)(ze)另(ling)有規(gui)定外，當事人可以排除(chu)通則(ze)(ze)(ze)的適用，或者減損或改變(bian)通則(ze)(ze)(ze)任何條款的效力(li)。
The parties may exclude the application of these Principles or derogate from or vary the effect of any of their provisions, except as otherwise provided in the Principles.
第1.6條 通則的(de)解釋和補充 ARTICLE 1.6 Interpretation and supplementation of the Principles
(1)在解釋通則時，應考慮通則的(de)國際性及其目的(de)，包括促進其統一適(shi)用的(de)需要。
(1) In the interpretation of these Principles, regard is to be had to their international character and to their purposes including the need to promote uniformity in their application.
(2)凡屬于通則(ze)范圍之(zhi)內但又(you)未被通則(ze)明(ming)確規定(ding)的問題，應盡(jin)可能地根據通則(ze)確定(ding)的一般基本原則(ze)來處理。
(2) Issues within the scope of these Principles but not expressly settled by them are as far as possible to be settled in accordance with their underlying general principles.
第1.7條(tiao) 誠實信用和(he)公平交易 ARTICLE 1.7 Good faith and fair dealing
(1)在國際貿易中，每一方當事人應(ying)依據(ju)誠實信用和公平交易的原則行事。
(1) Each party must act in accordance with good faith and fair dealing in international trade.
(2)當事人不能排除或限制此項(xiang)義務。
(2) The parties may not exclude or limit this duty.
第1.8條 不一(yi)致行為 ARTICLE 1.8 Inconsistent Behaviour
如(ru)果一(yi)(yi)方當(dang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)使得另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方當(dang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)產生某(mou)種理(li)解，且該(gai)另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方當(dang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)依賴該(gai)理(li)解合理(li)行事(shi)(shi)(shi)，并(bing)對自己造成不利后果，則該(gai)方當(dang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)不得以與該(gai)另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方當(dang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)理(li)解不一(yi)(yi)致的(de)方式(shi)行事(shi)(shi)(shi)。
A party cannot act inconsistently with an understanding it has caused the other party to have and upon which that other party reasonably has acted in reliance to its detriment.
第1.9條 慣例和習慣做法 ARTICLE 1.9 Usages and practices
(1)當事人(ren)各方受其業已約定(ding)的(de)任(ren)何慣例和其相互之(zhi)間(jian)業已建(jian)立(li)的(de)任(ren)何習慣做法(fa)的(de)約束。
(1) The parties are bound by any usage to which they have agreed and by any practices which they have established between themselves.
(2)在特定的(de)(de)有關貿(mao)易中(zhong)的(de)(de)合同(tong)當(dang)事人，應受(shou)國際(ji)貿(mao)易中(zhong)廣泛知悉(xi)并(bing)慣(guan)(guan)常遵守的(de)(de)慣(guan)(guan)例的(de)(de)約(yue)束，除非該(gai)慣(guan)(guan)例的(de)(de)適(shi)用為不合理。
(2) The parties are bound by a usage that is widely known to and regularly observed in international trade by parties in the particular trade concerned except where the application of such a usage would be unreasonable.
第1.10條 通(tong)知 ARTICLE 1.10 Notice
(1)在需要發出通知(zhi)時，通知(zhi)可以適合于具體(ti)情況的任何(he)方(fang)式發出。
(1) Where notice is required it may be given by any means appropriate to the circumstances.
(2)通知于(yu)送達被通知人時生效。
(2) A notice is effective when it reaches the person to whom it is given.
(3)就(jiu)第(2)款而(er)言，通(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)于口頭傳達被(bei)通(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)人或(huo)遞送到被(bei)通(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)人的營(ying)業(ye)地(di)(di)或(huo)通(tong)訊地(di)(di)址時，為通(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)“送達”被(bei)通(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)人。
(3) For the purpose of paragraph(2) a notice “reaches” a person when given to that person orally or delivered at that person’s place of business or mailing address.
(4)就本條而(er)言，通知(zhi)包括聲明(ming)、要求(qiu)、請求(qiu)或(huo)任何(he)其他意思的(de)表述。
(4) For the purpose of this article “notice” includes a declaration, demand, request or any other communication of intention.
第1.11條 定(ding)義 ARTICLE 1.11 Definitions
通則中:In these Principles
“writing” means any mode of communication that preserves a record of the information contained there in and is capable of being reproduced in tangible form.
第1.12條 當事人規定的時間的計(ji)算 ARTICLE 1.12 Computation of time set by parties
(1)發生在(zai)由(you)當(dang)事人規定的履行某一行為的期間內的法定節假日或非(fei)工作日應包括在(zai)期間的計算之內。
(1) Official holidays or non-business days occurring during a period set by parties for an act to be performed are included in calculating the period.
(2)然而，如果(guo)期(qi)間的(de)最(zui)后一天在履行(xing)(xing)該(gai)行(xing)(xing)為之當事(shi)人的(de)營(ying)業地(di)是法(fa)定節假日(ri)或非工作日(ri)，該(gai)期(qi)間可順延(yan)至(zhi)隨后的(de)第一個工作日(ri)，除(chu)非情況(kuang)有相反的(de)表(biao)示。
(2) However, if the last day of the period is an official holiday or a non-business day at the place of business of the party to perform the act, the period is extended until the first business day which follows, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
(3)相關的(de)時區(qu)是(shi)設(she)定時間(jian)的(de)當事人營業地的(de)時區(qu)，除非情況有相反的(de)表示。
(3) The relevant time zone is that of the place of business of the party setting the time, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
第二章 合同的(de)訂(ding)立(li)與代理人的(de)權限
CHAPTER 2 — FORMATION AND AUTHORITY OF AGENTS
第一節 合同的訂立SECTION 1: FORMATION
第2.1.1條 訂立的形式
合同可(ke)通過對要約(yue)的(de)承諾(nuo)或通過能充分表明(ming)當(dang)事(shi)人各方合意的(de)行為而成立。
A contract may be concluded either by the acceptance of an offer or by conduct of the parties that is sufficient to show agreement.
第2.1.2條 要約的定義
一(yi)項訂立合同的建(jian)議，如(ru)果(guo)十分確(que)定，并表(biao)明要(yao)(yao)約(yue)人在得到承諾(nuo)時受其約(yue)束(shu)的意旨(zhi)，即(ji)構成一(yi)項要(yao)(yao)約(yue)。
A proposal for concluding a contract constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance.
第2.1.3條 要約的撤回
(1)要約(yue)于送(song)達受要約(yue)人時生效;
(1) An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree.
(2)一(yi)項要約(yue)(yue)(yue)即使(shi)是(shi)不可撤銷(xiao)的，也(ye)可以撤回(hui)，如果撤回(hui)通知在要約(yue)(yue)(yue)送(song)達(da)受要約(yue)(yue)(yue)人(ren)之前(qian)或與要約(yue)(yue)(yue)同時(shi)送(song)達(da)受要約(yue)(yue)(yue)人(ren)。
(2) An offer, even if it is irrevocable, may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeree before or at the same time as the offer.
第2.1.4條 要約的撤銷
(1)在合同訂立之前(qian)，要約(yue)(yue)得予撤(che)銷，如果撤(che)銷通(tong)知(zhi)在受要約(yue)(yue)人發出承諾之前(qian)送達受要約(yue)(yue)人。
(1) Until a contract is concluded an offer may be revoked if the revocation reaches the offeree before it has dispatched an acceptance.
(2)但是，在下列情況下，要約不得撤銷:
(a)要約(yue)寫明承諾的期限，或(huo)以其他方式(shi)表明要約(yue)是不可撤銷(xiao)的;或(huo)
(a) if it indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable; or
(b)受(shou)要(yao)約(yue)人有(you)理(li)由信賴該項要(yao)約(yue)是(shi)不可撤銷(xiao)的(de)，且受(shou)要(yao)約(yue)人已依賴該要(yao)約(yue)行(xing)事。
(b) if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer.
第2.1.5條 要約的拒絕
要(yao)約(yue)于拒(ju)絕通(tong)知送(song)達要(yao)約(yue)人時終(zhong)止。
An offer is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror.
第2.1.6條 承諾的方式
(1)受要約人做(zuo)出(chu)的聲明或表示同意一項要約的其他(ta)行(xing)為構(gou)成承(cheng)諾(nuo)。緘默或不行(xing)為本身(shen)不構(gou)成承(cheng)諾(nuo)。
(1) A statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating assent to an offer is an acceptance. Silence or inactivity does not in itself amount to acceptance.
(2)對一項要(yao)約的(de)承諾于同意的(de)表示送達要(yao)約人時生效。
(2) An acceptance of an offer becomes effective when the indication of assent reaches the offeror.
(3)但是，如果根(gen)據(ju)要約本身(shen)，或依照(zhao)當事人之間建立的習慣做(zuo)法(fa)或依照(zhao)慣例，受要約人可以通過(guo)做(zuo)出某行(xing)為來(lai)表示同意，而無須向要約人發出通知，則承諾于(yu)做(zuo)出該行(xing)為時生(sheng)效。
(3) However, if, by virtue of the offer or as a result of practices which the parties have established between themselves or of usage, the offeree may indicate assent by performing an act without notice to the offeror, the acceptance is effective when the act is performed.
第2.1.7條 承諾的時間
要(yao)約必(bi)須(xu)在(zai)要(yao)約人(ren)規定(ding)的(de)(de)時間內承(cheng)(cheng)諾;或者(zhe)如果未規定(ding)時間，應(ying)在(zai)考慮了交易(yi)的(de)(de)具(ju)體情(qing)況(kuang)，包括要(yao)約人(ren)所使用的(de)(de)通訊方法的(de)(de)快捷程度的(de)(de)一段合(he)理的(de)(de)時間內做出(chu)承(cheng)(cheng)諾。對(dui)口頭要(yao)約必(bi)須(xu)立(li)即做出(chu)承(cheng)(cheng)諾，除非情(qing)況(kuang)有相反的(de)(de)表示。
An offer must be accepted within the time the offeror has fixed or, if no time is fixed, within a reasonable time having regard to the circumstances, including the rapidity of the means of communication employed by the offeror. An oral offer must be accepted immediately unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
第2.1.8條 規定期限內的承諾
要約(yue)(yue)人規(gui)定的(de)承諾期限(xian)自(zi)要約(yue)(yue)發出(chu)時(shi)起算。要約(yue)(yue)中(zhong)表(biao)示的(de)日期應被視為是(shi)要約(yue)(yue)發出(chu)的(de)時(shi)間(jian)，除非情況有相反的(de)表(biao)示。
A period of acceptance fixed by the offeror begins to run from the time that the offer is dispatched. A time indicated in the offer is deemed to be the time of dispatch unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
第2.1.9條 逾期承諾與傳遞遲延
(1)逾期承(cheng)(cheng)諾(nuo)仍(reng)應(ying)具有(you)承(cheng)(cheng)諾(nuo)的(de)效力，但(dan)要約人(ren)(ren)應(ying)毫不遲延地告(gao)知(zhi)受要約人(ren)(ren)該承(cheng)(cheng)諾(nuo)具有(you)效力或就此向受要約人(ren)(ren)發出(chu)通(tong)知(zhi)。
(1) A late acceptance is nevertheless effective as an acceptance if without undue delay the offeror so informs the offeree or gives notice to that effect.
(2)如果載(zai)有逾期承(cheng)(cheng)諾(nuo)的(de)信(xin)息表明它是(shi)在如果傳遞正常即能及時被(bei)送(song)達(da)要(yao)約(yue)人(ren)的(de)情況下發出的(de)，則該逾期的(de)承(cheng)(cheng)諾(nuo)仍(reng)具有承(cheng)(cheng)諾(nuo)的(de)效力，除非(fei)要(yao)約(yue)人(ren)毫(hao)不遲延地(di)通知受(shou)要(yao)約(yue)人(ren)此(ci)要(yao)約(yue)已失效。
(2) If a communication containing a late acceptance shows that it has been sent in such circumstances that if its transmission had been normal it would have reached the offeror in due time, the late acceptance is effective as an acceptance unless, without undue delay, the offeror informs the offeree that it considers the offer as having lapsed.
第2.1.10條 承諾的撤回
承(cheng)諾可以撤回，只要撤回通知在承(cheng)諾本應生(sheng)效(xiao)之前或(huo)同時送達要約人(ren)。
An acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective.
第2.1.11條 變更的承諾
(1)對要約意(yi)在表(biao)示承諾(nuo)但載有添加、限制或其他變更的(de)答復，即為對要約的(de)拒絕(jue)，并構成反要約。
(1)A reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additions, limitations or other modifications is a rejection of the offer and constitutes a counter-offer.
(2)但是，對要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)約(yue)意在表示(shi)承(cheng)(cheng)諾但載(zai)有添(tian)加，或(huo)不同(tong)條件的(de)答復，如果所載(zai)的(de)添(tian)加或(huo)不同(tong)條件沒有實質性地(di)改變要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)約(yue)的(de)條件，那(nei)么，除非(fei)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)約(yue)人毫不遲延(yan)地(di)表示(shi)拒絕(jue)這些不符(fu)，則此答復仍構(gou)成(cheng)承(cheng)(cheng)諾。如果要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)約(yue)人不做出拒絕(jue)，則合同(tong)的(de)條款應以(yi)該項要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)約(yue)的(de)條款以(yi)及承(cheng)(cheng)諾通知中所載(zai)有的(de)變更為準。
(2) However, a reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additional or different terms which do not materially alter the terms of the offer constitutes an acceptance, unless the offeror, without undue delay, objects to the discrepancy. If the offeror does not object, the terms of the contract are the terms of the offer with the modifications contained in the acceptance.
第2.1.12條 書面確認
在(zai)(zai)合同(tong)(tong)訂立后一段合理時間內發出的(de)(de)意在(zai)(zai)確(que)認(ren)合同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)書(shu)面文件(jian)，如果載有添(tian)加或(huo)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)條款(kuan)，除非這(zhe)些添(tian)加或(huo)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)條款(kuan)實質性(xing)地變更了(le)(le)合同(tong)(tong)，或(huo)者接(jie)收(shou)方毫不(bu)(bu)遲(chi)延地拒絕了(le)(le)這(zhe)些不(bu)(bu)符，則這(zhe)些條款(kuan)應構(gou)成合同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)一個(ge)組成部分。
If a writing which is sent within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract and which purports to be a confirmation of the contract contains additional or different terms, such terms become part of the contract, unless they materially alter the contract or the recipient, without undue delay, objects to the discrepancy.
第(di)2.1.13條 合(he)同的訂立基于對(dui)特(te)定(ding)事項或特(te)定(ding)形式的協議(yi)
ARTICLE 2.1.13 Conclusion of contract dependent on agreement on specific matters or in a particular form
在(zai)談判過程中，凡(fan)一方(fang)當事人(ren)堅持合同(tong)的(de)(de)訂立(li)以(yi)對(dui)特(te)定事項或以(yi)特(te)定形(xing)式達成(cheng)協議為條件的(de)(de)，則在(zai)對(dui)這些特(te)定事項或形(xing)式達成(cheng)協議之前，合同(tong)不能訂立(li)。
Where in the course of negotiations one of the parties insists that the contract is not concluded until there is agreement on specific matters or in a particular form, no contract is concluded before agreement is reached on those matters or in that form.
第2.1.14條 特意待定的合同條款
(1)如果當事人各方意(yi)在訂立一(yi)項(xiang)合(he)同(tong)，但卻有意(yi)將一(yi)項(xiang)條款留待進一(yi)步談(tan)判商定或由第三人確(que)定，則(ze)這(zhe)一(yi)事實并(bing)不(bu)妨礙(ai)合(he)同(tong)的成立。
(1) If the parties intend to conclude a contract, the fact that they intentionally leave a term to be agreed upon in further negotiations or to be determined by a third person does not prevent a contract from coming into existence.
(2)考慮到當事(shi)人各方的(de)意思，如(ru)果在(zai)具體(ti)情(qing)況下存(cun)在(zai)一種可選擇(ze)的(de)合理方法來確定此條(tiao)款，則合同的(de)存(cun)在(zai)不受此后發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)下列(lie)情(qing)況的(de)影響:
(2) The existence of the contract is not affected by the fact that subsequently
(a)當事人各方未就該條款達成協議;或
(b)第(di)三人(ren)未確(que)定此(ci)條款(kuan)。
(b) the third person does not determine the term, provided that there is an alternative means of rendering the term definite that is reasonable in the circumstances, having regard to the intention of the parties.
第2.1.15條 惡意談判
(1)當事人可(ke)自由(you)進行談判，并對未達成協議(yi)不承擔責任(ren);
(1) A party is free to negotiate and is not liable for failure to reach an agreement.
(2)但是，一方(fang)當(dang)事人如果惡意進行(xing)談(tan)判或惡意終止(zhi)談(tan)判，則該方(fang)當(dang)事人應(ying)對(dui)因此給另一方(fang)當(dang)事人所造(zao)成的損(sun)失承擔(dan)責任;
(2) However, a party who negotiates or breaks off negotiations in bad faith is liable for the losses caused to the other party.
(3)惡意，特別是指(zhi)一方(fang)當(dang)事人(ren)在無(wu)意與對方(fang)達成協議的情況(kuang)下，開始或繼續進行談判。
(3) It is bad faith, in particular, for a party to enter into or continue negotiations when intending not to reach an agreement with the other party.
第2.1.16條 保密義務
在談判過程中，一方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)以保密性質提供的(de)信息，無(wu)論此后是(shi)否達成合同，另(ling)一方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)有義(yi)務(wu)(wu)不予(yu)泄露(lu)，也(ye)不得為自己(ji)的(de)目的(de)不適當(dang)地使用這些信息。在適當(dang)的(de)情(qing)況下，違(wei)反該義(yi)務(wu)(wu)的(de)救濟可以包括(kuo)根據另(ling)一方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)泄露(lu)該信息所獲得之利益予(yu)以賠償。
Where information is given as confidential by one party in the course of negotiations, the other party is under a duty not to disclose that information or to use it improperly for its own purposes, whether or not a contract is subsequently concluded. Where appropriate, the remedy for breach of that duty may include compensation based on the benefit received by the other party.
第2.1.17條 合并條款
若一個(ge)書面(mian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)中(zhong)載有的(de)(de)一項(xiang)條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)表明該(gai)(gai)合(he)同(tong)(tong)包含了各方當事人已達成一致(zhi)的(de)(de)全部條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)，則此前存在(zai)的(de)(de)任何陳述或協議不能被(bei)用作證(zheng)據對抗或補充該(gai)(gai)合(he)同(tong)(tong)。但是，這些陳述或協議可用于解釋該(gai)(gai)書面(mian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)。
A contract in writing which contains a clause indicating that the writing completely embodies the terms on which the parties have agreed cannot be contradicted or supplemented by evidence of prior statements or agreements. However, such statements or agreements may be used to interpret the writing.
第2.1.18條 特定形式修改
如果(guo)書面合同中載(zai)有的(de)一(yi)項條款要(yao)求合同的(de)任何修改或終止(zhi)必(bi)須以特定形式做出，則(ze)該(gai)合同不得(de)以其他形式修改或終止(zhi)。但(dan)是(shi)，在一(yi)方(fang)當事人的(de)行(xing)為使另一(yi)方(fang)當事人產(chan)生信賴并依此行(xing)事的(de)限度內，則(ze)該(gai)一(yi)方(fang)當事人因其行(xing)為可被拒(ju)絕主張本(ben)條款。
A contract in writing which contains a clause requiring any modification or termination by agreement to be in a particular form may not be otherwise modified or terminated. However, a party may be precluded by its conduct from asserting such a clause to the extent that the other party has reasonably acted in reliance on that conduct.
第2.1.19條 按標準條款訂立合同 ARTICLE 2.1.19
(1)一方(fang)或雙方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)人使(shi)用標準條款訂(ding)立合同，適用訂(ding)立合同的(de)一般規則，但應(ying)受(shou)本章(zhang)第(di)2.1.20條至(zhi)第(di)2.1.22條的(de)約束(shu)。
(1) Where one party or both parties use standard terms in concluding a contract, the general rules on formation apply, subject to Articles 2.1.20 - 2.1.22.
(2)標準(zhun)條款是指一方(fang)為(wei)通常(chang)和重復(fu)使用的(de)目的(de)而預先準(zhun)備(bei)的(de)條款， 并在實際使用時未與對方(fang)談(tan)判(pan)。
(2) Standard terms are provisions which are prepared in advance for general and repeated use by one party and which are actually used without negotiation with the other party.
第2.1.20條 意外條款
(1)如果標準條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)中含有(you)另一(yi)方(fang)當事(shi)人不能合理預見性質的條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)，則(ze)該條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)無效，除非對(dui)方(fang)明示地(di)表示接受;
(1) No term contained in standard terms which is of such a character that the other party could not reasonably have expected it, is effective unless it has been expressly accepted by that party.
(2)在(zai)確定某一條款(kuan)是(shi)否屬于(yu)這種性質時，應考慮(lv)到(dao)該條款(kuan)的內容、語言和表達方式(shi)。
(2) In determining whether a term is of such a character regard shall be had to its content, language and presentation.
第2.1.21條 標準條款與非標準條款的沖突
ARTICLE 2.1.21 Conflict between standard terms and non-standard terms
若標準(zhun)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)與非(fei)標準(zhun)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)發(fa)生沖突，以(yi)非(fei)標準(zhun)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)為準(zhun)。
In case of conflict between a standard term and a term which is not a standard term the latter prevails.
第2.1.22條 格式合同之爭
在(zai)雙方當(dang)事(shi)人均使(shi)用標(biao)準條(tiao)款的(de)情況下，如果雙方對除標(biao)準條(tiao)款以(yi)外的(de)條(tiao)款達成一致，則合同(tong)應根據(ju)已達成一致的(de)條(tiao)款以(yi)及在(zai)實(shi)體(ti)內容上相同(tong)的(de)標(biao)準條(tiao)款訂立，除非一方當(dang)事(shi)人已事(shi)先明確表示或事(shi)后毫不遲(chi)延地通知另一方當(dang)事(shi)人其不愿(yuan)受這(zhe)種合同(tong)的(de)約束(shu)。
Where both parties use standard terms and reach agreement except on those terms, a contract is concluded on the basis of the agreed terms and of any standard terms which are common in substance unless one party clearly indicates in advance, or later and without undue delay informs the other party, that it does not intend to be bound by such a contract.
第二節 代理(li)人的權限SECTION 2: AUTHORITY OF AGENTS
第2.2.1條 本節的范圍
(1)本節(jie)調(diao)整某人(ren)(代理(li)人(ren))通過與第三方之間(jian)的一項合(he)同的訂立(li)或相(xiang)關事項，影響另一人(ren)(本人(ren))法律關系的權限(xian)，而不論代理(li)人(ren)是以自己(ji)的名義還是以本人(ren)的名義行事。
(1) This Section governs the authority of a person(“the agent”), to affect the legal relations of another person(“the principal”), by or with respect to a contract with a third party, whether the agent acts in its own name or in that of the principal.
(2)本節僅調整(zheng)以(yi)本人(ren)(ren)或(huo)代理(li)人(ren)(ren)為一方(fang)當(dang)(dang)事人(ren)(ren)，以(yi)第三方(fang)為另一方(fang)當(dang)(dang)事人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)間的關(guan)系。
(2) It governs only the relations between the principal or the agent on the one hand, and the third party on the other.
(3)本節(jie)并不(bu)調整由法(fa)律賦(fu)予代(dai)(dai)理人的權(quan)限，或(huo)由公共(gong)或(huo)司(si)法(fa)機構指定的代(dai)(dai)理人的權(quan)限。
(3) It does not govern an agent’s authority conferred by law or the authority of an agent appointed by a public or judicial authority.
第2.2.2條 代理人權(quan)限的(de)確(que)立和范圍
ARTICLE 2.2.2 Establishment and scope of the authority of the agent
(1)本人授予代理人的(de)權限(xian)既(ji)可以是明示(shi)的(de)也可以是默示(shi)的(de)。
(1) The principal’s grant of authority to an agent may be express or implied.
(2)代理人為實現(xian)授權之(zhi)目的(de)，有權采取所有必要(yao)的(de)行為。
(2) The agent has authority to perform all acts necessary in the circumstances to achieve the purposes for which the authority was granted.
第2.2.3條 顯名代理
(1)如(ru)當代理(li)人在(zai)其(qi)(qi)權限范(fan)圍內行(xing)事(shi)，且第三(san)(san)方(fang)已知或(huo)應知其(qi)(qi)以代理(li)身份行(xing)事(shi)，代理(li)人的行(xing)為(wei)將直接影響本人和第三(san)(san)方(fang)之間的法(fa)律關系(xi)(xi)，而在(zai)代理(li)人和第三(san)(san)方(fang)之間不創設(she)任(ren)何(he)法(fa)律關系(xi)(xi)。
(1) Where an agent acts within the scope of its authority and the third party knew or ought to have known that the agent was acting as an agent, the acts of the agent shall directly affect the legal relations between the principal and the third party and no legal relation is created between the agent and the third party.
(2)但是，當代(dai)理(li)人經本人同(tong)意成(cheng)為(wei)合同(tong)一方時，則代(dai)理(li)人的行為(wei)應(ying)僅影(ying)響代(dai)理(li)人和(he)第三方之間的關(guan)系。
(2) However, the acts of the agent shall affect only the relations between the agent and the third party, where the agent with the consent of the principal undertakes to become the party to the contract.
第2.2.4條 隱名代理
(1)當代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)人(ren)在其權限(xian)范圍內行(xing)事(shi)，但第三方既不(bu)知道也不(bu)應知道代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)人(ren)是作為(wei)代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)人(ren)行(xing)事(shi)時，則代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)人(ren)的行(xing)為(wei)將僅影響代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)人(ren)與第三方之間的關(guan)系。
(1) Where an agent acts within the scope of its authority and the third party neither knew nor ought to have known that the agent was acting as an agent, the acts of the agent shall affect only the relations between the agent and the third party.
(2)然而(er)，代理(li)人(ren)當代表一個商業(ye)與(yu)第三方達(da)成合同時，聲稱是該商業(ye)的(de)所有(you)人(ren)，則第三方在(zai)發現該商業(ye)的(de)真實(shi)所有(you)者(zhe)后，可以向后者(zhe)行使(shi)其對代理(li)人(ren)的(de)權(quan)利(li)。
(2) However, where such an agent, when contracting with the third party on behalf of a business, represents itself to be the owner of that business, the third party, upon discovery of the real owner of the business, may exercise also against the latter the rights it has against the agent.
第2.2.5條 代理人無權或越權行事
ARTICLE 2.2.5 Agent acting without or exceeding its authority
(1)代理人(ren)沒有代理權或超越代理權行事時，其行為不(bu)影(ying)響委托人(ren)和(he)第三方之間的法律關系。
(1) Where an agent acts without authority or exceeds its authority, its acts do not affect the legal relations between the principal and the third party.
(2)但是(shi)，當本人(ren)(ren)(ren)造成第(di)三(san)方(fang)合(he)理(li)地(di)認為代(dai)理(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)有權(quan)代(dai)表(biao)本人(ren)(ren)(ren)行事(shi)，且(qie)代(dai)理(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)是(shi)在(zai)該權(quan)限范圍內行事(shi)時，則本人(ren)(ren)(ren)不得以代(dai)理(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)無(wu)代(dai)理(li)權(quan)為由對抗第(di)三(san)方(fang)。
(2) However, where the principal causes the third party reasonably to believe that the agent has authority to act on behalf of the principal and that the agent is acting within the scope of that authority, the principal may not invoke against the third party the lack of authority of the agent.
第(di)2.2.6條 代理人無權或越權行事的責任(ren)
(1)沒(mei)有(you)(you)代(dai)理(li)權(quan)或超越代(dai)理(li)權(quan)行(xing)事(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)代(dai)理(li)人，如未(wei)經(jing)本人追認，則應(ying)(ying)對第(di)三(san)(san)人承擔將其恢復至如同代(dai)理(li)人有(you)(you)代(dai)理(li)權(quan)或未(wei)超越代(dai)理(li)權(quan)行(xing)事(shi)(shi)時(shi)第(di)三(san)(san)方應(ying)(ying)處的(de)(de)同等(deng)狀(zhuang)況的(de)(de)責任。
(1) An agent that acts without authority or exceeds its authority is, failing ratification by the principal, liable for damages that will place the third party in the same position as if the agent had acted with authority and not exceeded its authority.
(2)但是，如果(guo)第三方已知(zhi)或應知(zhi)代(dai)理(li)人沒(mei)有(you)代(dai)理(li)權或超越代(dai)理(li)權，則代(dai)理(li)人不承擔(dan)責任。
(2) However, the agent is not liable if the third party knew or ought to have known that the agent had no authority or was exceeding its authority.
第2.2.7條 利益沖突
(1)如果(guo)代(dai)(dai)理人締結的(de)合同涉及到代(dai)(dai)理人與本人存在利益沖(chong)突，而且第(di)三方已(yi)知或應知這(zhe)一情況(kuang)，則(ze)本人可主張(zhang)合同無效。主張(zhang)無效的(de)權(quan)利由第(di)3.12條(tiao)(tiao)和第(di)3.14條(tiao)(tiao)至第(di)3.17條(tiao)(tiao)調(diao)整。
(1) If a contract concluded by an agent involves the agent in a conflict of interests with the principal of which the third party knew or ought to have known, the principal may avoid the contract. The right to avoid is subject to Articles 3.12 and 3.14 to 3.17.
(2)但是，本人在(zai)以下情況不得主張合同(tong)無效:
(2) However, the principal may not avoid the contract
(a)本人已經同(tong)意，或(huo)已知或(huo)應知代理人涉及利益沖突;或(huo)
(a) if the principal had consented to, or knew or ought to have known of, the agent’s involvement in the conflict of interests; or
(b)代理(li)人已經(jing)披露與本人的利益沖(chong)突，但本人在合理(li)時間內并未提出反(fan)對。
(b) if the agent had disclosed the conflict of interests to the principal and the latter had not objected within a reasonable time.
第2.2.8條 次代理
代理人(ren)有指定次(ci)(ci)代理人(ren)履行那些非合理預期代理人(ren)本(ben)身履行的行為的默示權力。本(ben)節的規則適(shi)用(yong)于次(ci)(ci)代理。
An agent has implied authority to appoint a sub-agent to perform acts which it is not reasonable to expect the agent to perform itself. The rules of this Section apply to the sub-agency.
第2.2.9條 追認
(1)代理人沒(mei)有代理權或超(chao)越代理權的行(xing)為可由本人追(zhui)認(ren)。經追(zhui)認(ren)的行(xing)為如同(tong)代理人自始就依代理權行(xing)事產(chan)生同(tong)樣的效力。
(1) An act by an agent that acts without authority or exceeds its authority may be ratified by the principal. On ratification the act produces the same effects as if it had initially been carried out with authority.
(2)第三方可以通知本人在一段合理的時間(jian)內(nei)追認(ren)。本人如(ru)未在該(gai)時間(jian)內(nei)追認(ren)，則不(bu)能再予追認(ren)。
(2) The third party may by notice to the principal specify a reasonable period of time for ratification. If the principal does not ratify within that period of time it can no longer do so.
(3)如(ru)果在(zai)代(dai)(dai)理人行事時(shi)，第三(san)方(fang)(fang)既不知也不應知代(dai)(dai)理人無(wu)權代(dai)(dai)理，則(ze)第三(san)方(fang)(fang)可在(zai)本(ben)人追(zhui)認前(qian)，隨(sui)時(shi)通知本(ben)人表示(shi)拒絕(jue)受追(zhui)認的(de)約束。
(3) If, at the time of the agent’s act, the third party neither knew nor ought to have known of the lack of authority, it may, at any time before ratification, by notice to the principal indicate its refusal to become bound by a ratification.
第2.2.10條 代理權終止 ARTICLE 2.2.10
(1)代理權的(de)終止(zhi)對第三方不產生(sheng)效力(li)，除非第三方已知(zhi)或應知(zhi)這一情(qing)況。
(1) Termination of authority is not effective in relation to the third party unless the third party knew or ought to have known of it.
(2)盡管代理(li)(li)權(quan)終止，但代理(li)(li)人仍有(you)權(quan)為防止損害(hai)本人利益(yi)采取必(bi) 要的行(xing)為。
(2) Notwithstanding the termination of its authority, an agent remains authorised to perform the acts that are necessary to prevent harm to the principal’s interests.
第三章 合同的效力CHAPTER 3 — VALIDITY
第3.1條(tiao) 未(wei)涉及事項 ARTICLE 3.1(Matters not covered)
通則不處(chu)理由以下原因而導致的合同無(wu)效:
These Principles do not deal with invalidity arising from
(a)無行為能力;(a) lack of capacity;
(b)不道德或非法。(b) immorality or illegality.
第3.2條 協議的效力
合同僅由雙方的協(xie)議(yi)訂立、修改或終止(zhi)，除(chu)此別無其他要求。
A contract is concluded, modified or terminated by the mere agreement of the parties, without any further requirement.
第3.3條 自始不能
(1)合同(tong)訂立時不(bu)能履行所(suo)承擔之義務的事實本(ben)身(shen)，不(bu)影響(xiang)合同(tong)的效力(li)。
(1) The mere fact that at the time of the conclusion of the contract the performance of the obligation assumed was impossible does not affect the validity of the contract.
(2)合(he)(he)同訂立時(shi)一方(fang)當事人無權處置(zhi)與該合(he)(he)同相關聯(lian)之財產的(de)事實本身，不影響合(he)(he)同的(de)效力。
(2) The mere fact that at the time of the conclusion of the contract a party was not entitled to dispose of the assets to which the contract relates does not affect the validity of the contract.
第3.4條 錯誤的定義
錯(cuo)誤(wu)是指對合同訂(ding)立時(shi)已經存(cun)在(zai)的事實或法(fa)律所做的不(bu)正確(que)的假設。
Mistake is an erroneous assumption relating to facts or to law existing when the contract was concluded.
第3.5條 相關錯誤
(1)一方(fang)當事人可(ke)因錯(cuo)(cuo)誤而宣告合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)無效，此(ci)錯(cuo)(cuo)誤在訂立(li)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)時如(ru)此(ci)之(zhi)重大(da)，以至于(yu)一個通情達理的人處在與(yu)犯(fan)錯(cuo)(cuo)誤之(zhi)當事人的相同(tong)(tong)(tong)情況之(zhi)下，如(ru)果知道事實(shi)真(zhen)相，就會(hui)按實(shi)質不同(tong)(tong)(tong)的條(tiao)款訂立(li)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)，或(huo)根本(ben)不會(hui)訂立(li)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)，并且
(1) A party may only avoid the contract for mistake if, when the contract was concluded, the mistake was of such importance that a reasonable person in the same situation as the party in error would only have concluded the contract on materially different terms or would not have concluded it at all if the true state of affairs had been known, and
(a)另一方當事人犯了相(xiang)同的(de)錯(cuo)(cuo)誤(wu)，或(huo)造成(cheng)如(ru)此錯(cuo)(cuo)誤(wu)，或(huo)者另一方當事人知道或(huo)理應知道該錯(cuo)(cuo)誤(wu)，但卻有悖于公平交易的(de)合理商業標準(zhun)，使錯(cuo)(cuo)誤(wu)方一直處于錯(cuo)(cuo)誤(wu)狀態之中;或(huo)者
(a) the other party made the same mistake, or caused the mistake, or knew or ought to have known of the mistake and it was contrary to reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing to leave the mistaken party in error; or
(b)在宣告合(he)同無效(xiao)時(shi)，另一方當事人尚(shang)未(wei)依(yi)其對合(he)同的信賴而行事。
(b) the other party had not at the time of avoidance reasonably acted in reliance on the contract.
(2)但是，一方當(dang)事人(ren)不能(neng)宣(xuan)告合同無效(xiao)，如果
(2) However, a party may not avoid the contract if
(a)該(gai)當事(shi)人由(you)于重大疏忽而(er)犯此錯誤;或者
(a) it was grossly negligent in committing the mistake; or
(b)錯誤與某事實相(xiang)關聯，而(er)對于(yu)該事實發生錯誤的風(feng)險(xian)已被設想到，或者考(kao)慮到相(xiang)關情況，該錯誤的風(feng)險(xian)應當由錯誤方(fang)承擔(dan)。
(b) the mistake relates to a matter in regard to which the risk of mistake was assumed or, having regard to the circumstances, should be borne by the mistaken party.
第3.6條 表述或傳達中的錯誤
在表述或傳達一項聲(sheng)明過程中發生的(de)(de)錯誤應(ying)視為做出該聲(sheng)明之人的(de)(de)錯誤。
An error occurring in the expression or transmission of a declaration is considered to be a mistake of the person from whom the declaration emanated.
第3.7條 對(dui)不履行(xing)的救(jiu)濟 ARTICLE 3.7 Remedies for non-performance
一方當事人無(wu)權因(yin)錯誤(wu)宣告(gao)合同(tong)無(wu)效(xiao)，如果該方當事人所依賴的情(qing)況表明對不履行可以或本來(lai)可以提供救濟。
A party is not entitled to avoid the contract on the ground of mistake if the circumstances on which that party relies afford, or could have afforded, a remedy for non-performance.
第3.8條 欺詐
一(yi)方(fang)當事人可(ke)宣告合同(tong)無(wu)效，如果(guo)其(qi)訂立合同(tong)是基(ji)于另一(yi)方(fang)當事人的(de)欺詐性陳述(shu)，包括欺詐性的(de)語言(yan)或(huo)做法，或(huo)按照公平交易的(de)合理商業(ye)標準，該另一(yi)方(fang)當事人對(dui)應予(yu)披露(lu)(lu)的(de)情況欺詐性地未予(yu)披露(lu)(lu)。
A party may avoid the contract when it has been led to conclude the contract by the other party’s fraudulent representation, including language or practices, or fraudulent non-disclosure of circumstances which, according to reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing, the latter party should have disclosed.
第3.9條 脅迫
一方(fang)當事(shi)人(ren)可宣(xuan)告(gao)合同無效(xiao)，如果其合同的(de)訂立是因(yin)另一方(fang)當事(shi)人(ren)的(de)不(bu)正(zheng)當之脅迫(po)(po)，而且考慮(lv)到在各種情況(kuang)下，該脅迫(po)(po)如此急迫(po)(po)、嚴(yan)重到足(zu)以(yi)使第一方(fang)當事(shi)人(ren)無其他(ta)合理選擇。尤其是當使一方(fang)當事(shi)人(ren)受到脅迫(po)(po)的(de)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)或(huo)不(bu)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)本身屬非法(fa)，或(huo)者以(yi)其作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)手段(duan)來獲取合同的(de)訂立屬非法(fa)時，均為(wei)(wei)不(bu)正(zheng)當的(de)脅迫(po)(po)。
A party may avoid the contract when it has been led to conclude the contract by the other party’s unjustified threat which, having regard to the circumstances, is so imminent and serious as to leave the first party no reasonable alternative. In particular, a threat is unjustified if the act or omission with which a party has been threatened is wrongful in itself, or it is wrongful to use it as a means to obtain the conclusion of the contract.
第3.10條 重大失衡
(1)在訂(ding)立合(he)同時(shi)，合(he)同或(huo)其(qi)個別(bie)條(tiao)款不合(he)理地(di)對另一方(fang)當事人過分有利，則(ze)一方(fang)當事人可宣(xuan)告該(gai)(gai)合(he)同或(huo)該(gai)(gai)個別(bie)條(tiao)款無效(xiao)。除其(qi)他因素外(wai)，尚應考慮(lv)下列(lie)各項:
(1) A party may avoid the contract or an individual term of it if, at the time of the conclusion of the contract, the contract or term unjustifiably gave the other party an excessive advantage. Regard is to be had, among other factors, to
(a)該另一方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)人不(bu)公平(ping)地利用了對(dui)方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)人的依賴、經濟困境或緊急(ji)需要(yao)，或不(bu)正(zheng)當(dang)地利用了對(dui)方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)人的缺乏(fa)(fa)遠(yuan)見、無知、無經驗或缺乏(fa)(fa)談(tan)判技巧(qiao)的事(shi)實，以(yi)及
(a) the fact that the other party has taken unfair advantage of the first party’s dependence, economic distress or urgent needs, or of its improvidence, ignorance, inexperience or lack of bargaining skill, and
(b)合同的性質和目的。(b) the nature and purpose of the contract.
(2)依有權宣告合同無效的一方當事(shi)人的請求,法院(yuan)可(ke)以修(xiu)改(gai)該合同或其條款(kuan)，以使其符合公平交易的合理的商業標(biao)準。
(2) Upon the request of the party entitled to avoidance, a court may adapt the contract or term in order to make it accord with reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing.
(3)依收(shou)到宣告合同無效通知的一方(fang)(fang)當事(shi)人的請求，法(fa)院(yuan)亦(yi)可修(xiu)改(gai)合同或其條款，只要該(gai)方(fang)(fang)當事(shi)人在收(shou)到此項通知后，且在對方(fang)(fang)當事(shi)人依據該(gai)項通知行事(shi)前，立(li)即將(jiang)其請求告知對方(fang)(fang)當事(shi)人。本章(zhang)第3.13條第(2)款的規定此時應予適用(yong)。
(3) A court may also adapt the contract or term upon the request of the party receiving notice of avoidance, provided that that party informs the other party of its request promptly after receiving such notice and before the other party has reasonably acted in reliance on it. The provisions of Article 3.13(2) apply accordingly.
第3.11條 第三人
(1)如果(guo)欺詐、脅迫、重大失衡或(huo)一(yi)方當(dang)事人的(de)錯(cuo)誤可(ke)歸因于第(di)(di)三(san)人，或(huo)者該(gai)第(di)(di)三(san)人知道或(huo)應(ying)當(dang)知道這(zhe)些情況，而該(gai)第(di)(di)三(san)人的(de)行為由另一(yi)方當(dang)事人負責，則可(ke)按該(gai)另一(yi)方當(dang)事人本身所做行為或(huo)所知曉(xiao)的(de)相同條(tiao)件，宣告該(gai)合(he)同無效。
(1) Where fraud, threat, gross disparity or a party’s mistake is imputable to, or is known or ought to be known by, a third person for whose acts the other party is responsible, the contract may be avoided under the same conditions as if the behaviour or knowledge had been that of the party itself.
(2)如果欺(qi)詐、脅迫(po)(po)或(huo)重(zhong)大(da)失衡可(ke)歸因于第(di)三(san)(san)人(ren)，而該第(di)三(san)(san)人(ren)的行為(wei)不由另(ling)一方當(dang)事人(ren)負(fu)責，在該另(ling)一方當(dang)事人(ren)知(zhi)道(dao)或(huo)理(li)應知(zhi)道(dao)此欺(qi)詐、脅迫(po)(po)或(huo)重(zhong)大(da)失衡，或(huo)在宣告合(he)同(tong)無效(xiao)時尚未按(an)照對該合(he)同(tong)的信賴而行事的情況下(xia)，則該合(he)同(tong)可(ke)被宣告無效(xiao)。
(2) Where fraud, threat or gross disparity is imputable to a third person for whose acts the other party is not responsible, the contract may be avoided if that party knew or ought to have known of the fraud, threat or disparity, or has not at the time of avoidance reasonably acted in reliance on the contract.
第3.12條 確認
有(you)權宣告(gao)合同(tong)無效的一方當(dang)事(shi)人如果在發(fa)出合同(tong)無效通知的期(qi)間(jian)開始(shi)后(hou)，又(you)明示(shi)或默示(shi)地確認(ren)合同(tong)，則該(gai)方當(dang)事(shi)人不得再(zai)宣告(gao)合同(tong)無效。
If the party entitled to avoid the contract expressly or impliedly confirms the contract after the period of time for giving notice of avoidance has begun to run, avoidance of the contract is excluded.
第3.13條 喪失宣告合同無效的權利
(1)如果(guo)一(yi)方(fang)當事(shi)(shi)人(ren)有(you)權(quan)因錯(cuo)誤宣(xuan)(xuan)告合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)無(wu)效，而另一(yi)方(fang)當事(shi)(shi)人(ren)聲明他將愿意按或已(yi)按有(you)權(quan)宣(xuan)(xuan)告合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)無(wu)效的(de)(de)一(yi)方(fang)當事(shi)(shi)人(ren)對合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)理解履(lv)(lv)行合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)，則該(gai)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)應(ying)視為按照該(gai)一(yi)方(fang)當事(shi)(shi)人(ren)的(de)(de)理解已(yi)經(jing)訂(ding)立(li)。該(gai)另一(yi)方(fang)當事(shi)(shi)人(ren)在收到有(you)權(quan)宣(xuan)(xuan)告合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)無(wu)效的(de)(de)一(yi)方(fang)當事(shi)(shi)人(ren)對合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)理解方(fang)式的(de)(de)通知后，而且(qie)在該(gai)一(yi)方(fang)當事(shi)(shi)人(ren)依據宣(xuan)(xuan)告合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)無(wu)效通知合(he)(he)理行事(shi)(shi)之前，必須立(li)即做(zuo)出此(ci)種(zhong)聲明或進行此(ci)種(zhong)履(lv)(lv)行。
(1) If a party is entitled to avoid the contract for mistake but the other party declares itself willing to perform or performs the contract as it was understood by the party entitled to avoidance, the contract is considered to have been concluded as the latter party understood it. The other party must make such a declaration or render such performance promptly after having been informed of the manner in which the party entitled to avoidance had understood the contract and before that party has reasonably acted in reliance on a notice of avoidance.
(2)在做出此(ci)種聲明或履(lv)行(xing)之后，宣告合(he)同無(wu)效的權利即行(xing)喪(sang)失，任何以(yi)前宣告合(he)同無(wu)效的通知均喪(sang)失效力。
(2) After such a declaration or performance the right to avoidance is lost and any earlier notice of avoidance is ineffective.
第3.14條 宣告合同無效的通知
一(yi)方當(dang)事人通過(guo)向另一(yi)方當(dang)事人發出通知行使其宣告(gao)合(he)同(tong)無效的權利。
The right of a party to avoid the contract is exercised by notice to the other party.
第3.15條 時間期限
(1)考慮到各種情(qing)況，宣告(gao)合(he)(he)同(tong)無(wu)效的(de)(de)通知，應(ying)在(zai)宣告(gao)合(he)(he)同(tong)無(wu)效的(de)(de)一方當事人已知或不(bu)可能不(bu)知道有關事實或者在(zai)其可以(yi)自(zi)由行事之后的(de)(de)一段合(he)(he)理時間內(nei)做出。
(1) Notice of avoidance shall be given within a reasonable time, having regard to the circumstances, after the avoiding party knew or could not have been unaware of the relevant facts or became capable of acting freely.
(2)如果一方(fang)當(dang)事人根據第3.10條(tiao)的規(gui)定有權(quan)宣告(gao)合同(tong)中的個別條(tiao)款(kuan)無效，則宣告(gao)合同(tong)無效通知的期限(xian)自另一方(fang)當(dang)事人堅持該(gai)條(tiao)款(kuan)之時開始。
(2) Where an individual term of the contract may be avoided by a party under Article 3.10, the period of time for giving notice of avoidance begins to run when that term is asserted by the other party.
第3.16條 部分無效
如果(guo)宣(xuan)告(gao)合(he)同無(wu)(wu)效的理由(you)僅影響合(he)同的個別條款(kuan)，則宣(xuan)告(gao)合(he)同無(wu)(wu)效的效力僅限于這些條款(kuan)，除(chu)非(fei)考慮到各種(zhong)情況，維持合(he)同的其余部分是(shi)不合(he)理的。
Where a ground of avoidance affects only individual terms of the contract, the effect of avoidance is limited to those terms unless, having regard to the circumstances, it is unreasonable to uphold the remaining contract.
第3.17條 宣告合同無效的追溯力
(1)宣告合(he)同無效具(ju)有追(zhui)溯力。(1) Avoidance takes effect retroactively.
(2)宣告合(he)同(tong)(tong)無效后(hou)，任何(he)一(yi)方當(dang)事(shi)(shi)人可要求返還其依據(ju)已被宣告無效的(de)合(he)同(tong)(tong)或(huo)(huo)部分(fen)合(he)同(tong)(tong)所(suo)提供(gong)的(de)一(yi)切，但要以該方當(dang)事(shi)(shi)人也(ye)同(tong)(tong)時返還其依據(ju)已被宣告無效的(de)合(he)同(tong)(tong)或(huo)(huo)部分(fen)合(he)同(tong)(tong)所(suo)得到的(de)一(yi)切為條(tiao)件(jian)，或(huo)(huo)者如雖不能(neng)返還實(shi)物，但對其所(suo)得之物給予(yu)補償。
(2) On avoidance either party may claim restitution of whatever it has supplied under the contract or the part of it avoided, provided that it concurrently makes restitution of whatever it has received under the contract or the part of it avoided or, if it cannot make restitution in kind, it makes an allowance for what it has received.
第3.18條 損害賠償
無論(lun)是否(fou)宣(xuan)告合(he)同(tong)無效，已(yi)知(zhi)或理(li)(li)應(ying)(ying)知(zhi)道(dao)合(he)同(tong)無效理(li)(li)由(you)的一方當(dang)事人應(ying)(ying)承擔損害賠(pei)償的責任，以使另一方當(dang)事人處于(yu)如(ru)同(tong)其未訂立合(he)同(tong)的地位。
Irrespective of whether or not the contract has been avoided, the party who knew or ought to have known of the ground for avoidance is liable for damages so as to put the other party in the same position in which it would have been if it had not concluded the contract.
第3.19條 本章條款的強制性
本章的(de)各項規定具有(you)(you)強制性，但那(nei)些有(you)(you)關協議的(de)約束力、自始不(bu)能(neng)或錯(cuo)誤的(de)規定除外。
The provisions of this Chapter are mandatory, except insofar as they relate to the binding force of mere agreement, initial impossibility or mistake.
第3.20條 單方聲明
本章(zhang)各項規定在適(shi)當(dang)修改后，適(shi)用于一方當(dang)事(shi)人向另一方當(dang)事(shi)人傳(chuan)達的任何意(yi)思表示。
The provisions of this Chapter apply with appropriate adaptations to any communication of intention addressed by one party to the other.
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